Research Article
Apathy and Emotion-Based Decision-Making in Amnesic Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease
Table 1
Demographic and clinical characteristics and Lille Apathy Rating Scale rates for AD and MCI participants and controls.
| | | Healthy controls
() | MCI participants
() | DTA participants
() | Statistics | value |
| | Demographic and clinical data | | | | | | | Age, mean (SD) | 73.5 (6.7) | 78.25 (6.9) | 80.9 (5.4) | | <0.001a | | Sex, (women) | 11 | 11 | 12 | | 0.93 | | Years of education, mean (SD) | 11.1 (2.7) | 7.9 (2.4) | 8.3 (3.1) | | 0.001a | | Minimental State Examinationc, mean (SD) | 28.5 (0.9) | 27.15 (2) | 24.8 (2.3) | | <0.001b | | Beck depression inventory | | | | | | | Total score, mean (SD) | 10.6 (6.5) | 12.2 (7.8) | 13 (7.44) | | 0.57 | | Moderate (>18), (%) | 2 (10) | 4 (20) | 5 (25) | | 0.45 | | Severe (>19), (%) | 1 (5) | 0 | 0 | | 0.36 | | Lille apathy rating scalec, mean (SD) | | | | | | | Intellectual curiosity | −2.6 (0.76) | −1.4 (0.96) | −1.5 (1.01) | | 0.006a | | Emotion | −3.6 (0.59) | −2.5 (1.29) | −2.7 (1.50) | | 0.15 | | Action initiation | −3.5 (0.64) | −2.2 (1.15) | −2.0 (1.74) | | 0.009a | | Self-awareness | −2.9 (1.14) | −2.4 (1.27) | −2.5 (1.31) | | 0.86 | | Total score, mean (SD) | −28 (4.18) | −17.8 (6.80) | −19.1 (6.40) | | <0.001a | | | | | | | | | Lille apathy rating scale-cutoff | | | | | | | Lightly apathetic to severely apathetic, (%) | 1 (5) | 12 (60) | 12 (60) |
95% CI 1.6 to 7.7 | <0.001 | | IGT disadvantageous profile (net score <0) | | | | | | | Total net score, (%) | 6 (20) | 13 (45) | 10 (35) | | 0.05a | | Blocks 3 to 5 (trials 41–100), (%) | 5 (18) | 12 (42) | 11 (39) | | 0.03a | | | | | | | | | Executive function assessmentc, mean (SD) | | | | | | | Hayling Test (time) | 4 (2.34) | 7.5 (4.51) | 6.8 (3.67) | | 0.19 | | Hayling Test (error) | 2.7 (1.92) | 8.5 (7.34) | 9.8 (5.90) | | 0.04a | | Trail Making Test (time) | 112 (50) | 191 (60) | 198 (46) | | 0.004a | | Trail Making Test (error) | 0.5 (1.05) | 3.1 (4.58) | 5.3 (7.14) | | 0.14 | | Updating memory task | 3.3 (0.83) | 2.6 (0.64) | 2.4 (0.64) | | 0.21 |
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AD: Alzheimer’s disease; CI: confidence internal; IGT: Iowa gambling task; MCI: mild cognitive impairment.
aControls ≠ (MCI = DTA); b(Controls = MCI) ≠ DTA; cadjustment for age and education.
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