Dopamine Treatment and Cognitive Functioning in Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease: The “Cognitive Flexibility” Hypothesis Seems to Work

Table 1

Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of participants in the PD and control groups.

	Individuals with PD	Normal controls	𝐹 (1, 38)	𝑃 level
Gender (F/M)	11/9	9/11
	Mean (SD)
Age (years)	68.8 (7.6)	65.5 (8.0)	1.8	>0.10
Years of formal education	10.3 (4.7)	12.1 (3.5)	1.9	>0.10
MMSE^a score	27.6 (1.8; range: 25–30)	29.4 (1.4; range: 25–30)	11.6	<0.01
UPDRS^b score (off state)	16.6 (7.5)
Years of disease duration	2.43 (1.9; range 0.08–5)
Age at disease onset	66.4 (7.4)

aMMSE: Mini Mental State Examination; ^bUPDRS: Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale.