Dopamine Treatment and Cognitive Functioning in Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease: The “Cognitive Flexibility” Hypothesis Seems to Work

Table 2

PD patients’ performance (average scores and percentage of pathological values) on the test of the neuropsychological battery. For all tests, with the exception of Modified Card Sorting test-perseverative and nonperseverative errors, higher scores mean better performance.

Neuropsychological tests	PD group; 𝑁=20	PD patients with; pathological score
	Mean (SD)	𝑁 (percentage)
Mnesic functions
Short-term memory		—
Corsi Test Forward	4.8 (0.6)	—
Digit Span Forward	5.6 (1.5)	—
Episodic memory		1 (5%)
Word list recall-immediate recall	42.4 (9.4)	—
Word list recall-delayed recall	9.4 (2.6)	1
Word list recognition-correct items	13 (1.8)	—
Word list recognition-false recognition	1.9 (1.6)	—
Prose recall-immediate recall	5.6 (1.2)	—
Prose recall-delayed recall	5.7 (1.3)	—
Rey's figure-immediate reproduction	14.1 (6.1)
Rey's figure-delayed reproduction	12.7 (6.9)
Visual-spatial abilities		2 (10%)
Free hand copying of drawings	9.1 (1.9)	2
Copying drawings with landmarks	67.3 (2.4)	—
Rey's figure copy	30.3 (4.9)	—
Language abilities		1 (5%)
Object naming	28.5 (1.8)	—
Abstract reasoning
Raven’s progressive matrices 47	27.8 (4.1)	—
Executive functions		9 (45%)
Modified Card Sorting Test-categories achieved	4.5 (1.3)	9
Modified Card Sorting test-perseverative errors	7.4 (5.9)	5
Modified Card Sorting Test-nonperseverative errors	5.9 (5.5)	4