Delaying Onset of Dementia: Are Two Languages Enough?

Table 1

Means (and standard deviations) for background measures and age of onset of symptoms of dementia from the two Toronto studies.

Group	𝑁	Age at first appointment^a	Years of education	MMSE^b	Age at onset^c
Study 1: [1]
Monolingual	91	75.4 (9.3)	12.4 (3.8)	21.3 (6.4)	71.4 (9.6)
Bilingual	93	78.6 (8.4)	10.8 (4.2)^1	20.1 (7.1)	75.5 (8.5)^2
Study 2: [2]
Monolingual	109	76.5 (10.0)	12.6 (4.1)	21.5 (5.7)	72.6 (10.0)
Bilingual	102	80.8 (7.7)	10.6^3 (5.1)	20.4 (5.6)	77.7 (7.9)^4

aAge at first visit to clinic, year.
^bMMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination (first appointment); maximum score = 30.
^cAge at which symptoms were first reported by family, year.
¹𝑃<0.009, ²𝑃<0.003, ³𝑃<0.003, and ⁴𝑃<0.0001.