rTMS in the Treatment of Drug Addiction: An Update about Human Studies

Table 1

Summary of the studies on rTMS in the treatment of nicotine addiction.

Study	𝑁 subjects (active, sham)	Place of stimulation	Number of sessions	Length	Frequency	Intensity of stimulation	Sham stimulation	Assessment	Findings
Johann et al. (2003) [46]	11	Left DLPFC	1 session	20 trains of 2.5 s	20 Hz	90% MT	Yes	Craving, assessed by VAS	Reduction in craving
Eichhammer et al. (2003) [47]	14	Left DLPFC	4 sessions; (2 active and 2 sham)	20 trains of 2.5 s	20 Hz	90% MT	Yes; (between the group)	Craving, assessed by VAS; cigarettes number	Reduction in consumption
Amiaz et al. (2009) [48]	22, 26	Left DLPFC	10 sessions	20 trains of 5 s	10 Hz	100% MT	Yes	Craving, assessed VAS; cigarettes number	Reduction in craving, consumption, and dependence
Wing et al. (2012) [49, 66]	6, 9	Bilateral DLPFC	20 sessions	50 trains	20 Hz	90% MT	Yes	Craving, assessed by TQSU	Reduction in craving
Rose et al. (2011) [50]	15	SFG	3 sessions; (1 active 1 Hz, 1 active 10 Hz, 1 MOC)	2.5 min each session (total period of stimulation: 7.5 min)	1 Hz or 10 Hz	90% MT	Yes	Craving, assessed by Shiffman-Jarvik questionnaire and cigarette evaluation questionnaire	Reduction in craving (10 Hz)

DLPFC: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; SFG: superior frontal gyrus; MOC: motor cortex; MT: motor threshold; VAS: visual analogue scale; TQSU: Tiffany Questionnaire for Smoking Urges.