Effect of Age, Education, and Bilingualism on Confrontation Naming in Older Illiterate and Low-Educated Populations

Table 1

Participant characteristics.

		𝑁=10		𝑁=7		𝑁=7
		Illiterates (0 education)		Low educated (1–5 years)		High educated (6–10 years)
		M	SD	M	SD	M	SD
	MMSE	25.40	3.86	22.85	3.57	27.42	1.81
Age 18–28	KNT Score	53.90	3.54	52.5	4.27	52.85	3.62
	L2 speaking proficiency	0	0	1.71	1.38	2.85	1.06
	L2 reading proficiency	0	0	.71	.95	1.85	1.34
	L2 writing proficiency	0	0	.71	.95	2.28	1.38
		𝑁=8		𝑁=8		𝑁=7
		M	SD	M	SD	M	SD
	MMSE	24.37	3.15	26.50	1.60	26.14	1.77
Age 60–85	KNT Score	42.25	4.92	47.12	8.57	50.14	3.80
	L2 speaking proficiency	0	0	.87	1.12	1.85	1.06
	L2 reading proficiency	0	0	1.25	1.75	2.42	1.27
	L2 writing proficiency	0	0	1.25	1.75	2.57	1.39

Note. One participant was omitted as an outlier (age = 85, MMSE = 28, L2 speaking proficiency = 4, L2 reading proficiency = 4, L2 writing proficiency = 4, and KNT score = 19).