Research Article

Life after Adolescent and Adult Moderate and Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Self-Reported Executive, Emotional, and Behavioural Function 2–5 Years after Injury

Table 2

Description of participants: demographics, injury severity characteristics, and clinical observations at 1 and 2–5 years after moderate and severe TBI: global outcome and employment.

VariablePersons with TBIControls value

Demographics at injury
  Male sex (, %)6748 (72)7255 (76)0.593
  Age (mean, range)6729 (15–63)
 Injury-related variables
  Mechanisms of injury67
   Traffic accident (, %)33 (49)
   Fall (, %)27 (40)
   Ski accident (, %)2 (3)
   Other (, %)5 (9)
  GCS score (median, IQR)679 (7)
  HISS grade; moderate TBI (, %) 6739 (58)
  PTA <1 week (, %)6637 (55)
 Early MRI findings65
  EDH only (, %) 1 (2)
  Pure TAI (, %)17 (25)
  Cortical contusions (, %)16 (24)
  Cortical contusions/TAI (, %)30 (45)
 Global outcome 12 months after injury
  GOSE score (median, IQR)667.0 (2)
Demographics at follow-up
 Age (mean, range)6732 (17–65)7233 (13)0.683
 Years after injury (mean, SD) 672.9 0.8
 Years education (mean, range)6712 (9–18)7212 (2)0.979
 Occupation 67720.025
  Unemployed/no school (, %) 12 (18)4 (6)
  Employed or at school (, %) 55 (82)68 (94)

GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale; GOSE: Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended; IQR: interquartile range; PTA: posttraumatic amnesia; SD: standard deviation; TAI: traumatic axonal injury; TBI: Traumatic Brain Injury.
Pearson’s Chi-squared test.
Independent samples t-test.
Unconditional -pooled test.