Effects of Different Types of Cognitive Training on Cognitive Function, Brain Structure, and Driving Safety in Senior Daily Drivers: A Pilot Study

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of the subjects.

	Group C		Group P		Group V		Main effect of group
	(4 F/8 M)		(4 F/7 M)		(4 F/8 M)
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	-value	value
Age (year)	67.77	4.67	68.24	5.66	67.67	4.57	0.042	0.959
Education (year)	14.50	1.73	13.18	2.23	13.42	2.43	1.257	0.298
MMSE base (score)	28.83	0.94	28.27	1.74	28.33	1.50	0.552	0.581

The base score indicates the preintervention test score. The main effect of group was tested with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Group C trained with crossword puzzles. Group P trained with an on-PC cognitive training program. Group V trained in a vehicle with an onboard cognitive training program. F: female; M: male; SD: standard deviation; Education: number of years of education completed; MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination.