Toxicant Exposure and Bioaccumulation: A Common and Potentially Reversible Cause of Cognitive Dysfunction and Dementia

Table 1

Exposures potentially associated with neurodegenerative disease.

Metals	Lead [6–9, 25–27, 29, 35, 37, 38, 47, 48, 63, 83, 84, 87, 90, 92, 104]
	Mercury [8, 25–27]
	Aluminum [7, 8, 28]
	Zinc overload [7]
	Manganese [8, 29, 47]
	Arsenic [8, 27, 29]
	Tin [8]
	Copper [30–33]
Pesticides	Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene [10] (DDE)
	Aldrin [29]
	Chlordane [29]
	Heptachlor [29]
	Rotenone [5, 7]
	Dieldrin [5]
	Methyl parathion [26]
	Organophosphates [5, 7, 26, 46, 48]
	Maneb [5, 29]
	Paraquat [5, 7, 29, 46]
	Pyrethroids [5]
Flame retardants
	Hexabromocyclododecane [20]
	Tetrabromobisphenol-A [20]
Brominated [93]	Decabromodiphenyl ether [20]
	6-Hydroxy-2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether [105]
Chlorinated	2,2′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl [105]
	Trichloroethylene [7]
	Carbon disulfide [26, 29]
Solvents [48]	Toluene [26]
	Perchloroethylene (PERC) [106]
Pharmaceuticals	Anesthetic agents [107]
	Benzodiazepines [18]
Air pollution [6, 47]	Particulate matter [19]
	Ozone [19]
	Nitrogen dioxide [19]
	Second hand smoke [27]
	Carbon monoxide [8, 48]
Plasticizers	Phthalate esters [59, 93]
	Bisphenol A [59, 93]
Others	Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) [93]
	Perfluoroctanoic acid (PFOA) [93]
	Organochlorine compounds [7]
	Acrylamide [29]
	Dioxins [25, 27]
	Formaldehyde [13–15]
	Methanol [16, 17]