Abnormal Olfaction in Parkinson’s Disease Is Related to Faster Disease Progression
Table 1
Demographic and clinical characteristics of PD patients with and without abnormal olfaction.
Total sample ()
Abnormal olfaction
Yes ()
No ()
Sex
Male
87 (52.4%)
70 (80.5%)
17 (19.5%)
0.606
Female
79 (47.6%)
66 (83.5%)
13 (16.5%)
Age
67 (58–72)
67 (59–73)
66 (57–71)
0.299
Education
4 (4–9)
4 (4–9)
4 (4–10)
0.850
Current smoking habits
8 (4.8%)
6 (75.0%)
2 (25.0%)
0.637
Past smoking habits
38 (22.9%)
32 (84.2%)
6 (15.8%)
0.677
Age at disease onset
59 (50–68)
59 (50–68)
61 (51–62)
0.692
Disease duration
6 (4–9)
6 (4–10)
5 (3–7)
0.105
Hoehn and Yahr
2 (2-3)
2.5 (2-3)
2 (2–2.5)
0.006
UPDRS-II
11 (7–16)
11 (7–16)
9 (7–12)
0.052
UPDRS-III
28 (21–34)
28 (22–34)
24 (18–32)
0.018
Disease subtype
Tremor dominant
56 (33.7%)
42 (75.0%)
14 (25.0%)
0.252
PIGD
88 (53.0%)
75 (85.2%)
13 (14.8%)
Indeterminate
22 (13.3%)
19 (86.4%)
3 (13.6%)
FOG-Q
3 (1–7)
3 (1–8)
1 (1–4)
0.002
Levodopa equivalent dose
640 (400–993)
640 (425–1048)
420 (240–762)
0.001
DRS-2
129 (124–133)
129 (124–133)
131 (123–138)
0.384
HADS
Anxiety
7 (4–9)
7 (4–9)
7 (4–10)
0.803
Depression
6 (4–9)
6 (4–9)
5 (4–8)
0.203
Data are presented as frequencies (%) and medians (25th–75th percentile). Chi-square (or Fisher’s exact when appropriate) and Mann-Whitney test were used for group comparisons.
