Research Article

Optimizing Neuropsychological Assessments for Cognitive, Behavioral, and Functional Impairment Classification: A Machine Learning Study

Table 2

It shows the full list of neuropsychological features available from the ADNI database and those chosen by the neuropsychologists (in bold). The neuropsychologists adopted three criteria for selection: 1 = redundancy (or no high degree of independence, i.e., when the same cognitive process was assessed by different tests), 2 = overlap with CDR (which is used as gold standard for the classification), 3 = poor relevance to AD.

Status/domains/subdomainsNeuropsychological testsReason for exclusion

Global cognitive status/disease progressionTOTALMOD (85 points total, including Q4 and Q14, ADAS)
TOTAL11 (Classic 70 points total, excluding Q4 and Q14, ADAS)
MMSCORE (total MMSE)
ANARTERR, ANART Total Score (total number of errors)3

LanguageBNTSPONT (number of spontaneously given correct responses, Partial Score of BNT)3
BNTSTIM (number of semantic cues given, Partial Score of BNT)3
BNTCSTIM (number of correct responses following a semantic cue, Partial Score of BNT)3
BNTPHON (number of phonemic cues given, Partial Score of BNT)3
BNTCPHON (number of correct responses following a phonemic cue, Partial Score of BNT)3
BNTTOTAL (Total Number Correct, BNT)
CATANIMSC (Category Fluency—Animals, Total Correct)1 (with CATVEGESC)
CATANPERS (Category Fluency Animals—Perseverations)1 (with CATVGPERS)
CATANINTR (Category Fluency (Animals)—Intrusions)1 (with CATANINTR)
CATVEGESC (Category Fluency Vegetables—Total Correct)
CATVGPERS (Category Fluency (Vegetables)—Perseverations)
CATANINTR (Category Fluency (Vegetables))
Q5 (naming objects and fingers, ADAS)
Q10 (comprehension of spoken and written language, ADAS)
Q11 (word finding difficulty)
Q12 (language, ADAS)
MMWATCH1 (with Q5)
MMPENCIL1 (with Q5)
MMREPEAT2
MMWRITE

Executive functioningTRABSCORE (Part B—time to complete, TMT)
TRABERROROM (error of commission, TMT)3
TRABERROM (error of omission)3

Memory and LearningAVTOT3 (Total of each trial 1–3)1 (with Q1)
AVTOT4 (Total of each trial 1–4)1 (with Q1)
AVTOT5 (Total of each trial 1–5)1 (with Q1)
AVTOT6 (Total of each trial 1–6)1 (with Q1)
AVDELTOT (recognition, AVLT)1 (with Q8)
AVDEL30min (30-minute delay, AVLT)1 (with Q4)
AVTOTB (interference)
AVERR2 (total intrusions of trial 2)1 (AVDELERR1–6)
AVDELERR16 (total intrusions, AVLT)
MMSETrials3
MMBALLDL1 (with Q4)
MMFLAGDL1 (with Q4)
MMTREEDL1 (with Q4)
MMSEBALL1 (with Q1)
MMSEFLAG1 (with Q1)
MMSETREE1 (with Q1)
LDELTOTAL (total number of story units recalled, Partial Score of LM test)
LIMMTOTAL (total number of story units recalled, LM Immediate Recall)
LDELCUE
Q1 (Word Recall Task, ADAS)
Q4 (Delayed Word Recall, ADAS)
Q8 (Word Recognition, ADAS)
Q9 (Remembering Test Instructions, ADAS)

Perceptual–motor coordinationQ6 Ideational Praxis, ADAS
Q3 Constructional Praxis, ADAS-Cog

Complex AttentionTRAASCORE (Part A—time to complete, TMT)
TRAAERRCOM, errors of commission, TMT3
TRAAERROM, errors of omission, TMT3
DIGITSCORE (Digit Symbol)1 (with TRASCOR)
Q14 (Number Cancellation, ADAS)

Working memoryMMD3
MML3
MMR3
MMO3
MMW3
DSPANFOR
DSPANFLTH3
DSPANBAC
DSPANBLTH3

Visuoconstructional reasoningCLOCKSCORE (Total Score, CLOCK)
CLOCKSYM (symmetry of number placement, Partial Score of CLOCK)3
CLOCKNUM (correctness of numbers, Partial Score of CLOCK)3
CLOCKHAND (presence of the two hands, Partial Score of CLOCK)3
CLOCKTIME (presence of the two hands, set to ten after eleven, Partial Score of CLOCK)3
COPYSCORE (Total Score, CLOCK)1 (with CLOCKSCOR)
COPYNUM (correctness of numbers, Partial Score of CLOCK)1 (with CLOCKNUM)
COPYCIRC (approximately circular face, CLOCK)1 (with CLOCKCIRC)
COPYSYM (symmetry of number placement, Partial Score of CLOCK)1 (with CLOCKSYM)
COPYHAND (presence of the two hands, Partial Score of CLOCK)1 (with CLOCKHAND)

Awarness (S/T Orientation)MMDAY (what day of the week is it today? MMSE)2
MMDATE (what is today's date?, MMSE)2
MMYEAR (what is the year?, MMSE)2
MONTH (what is month are we in, MMSE)2
MMSEASON (what is season are we in?, MMSE)3
MMHOSPIT (what is the name of this hospital (clinic, place) MMSE)2
MMFLOR (what floor are we on?, MMSE)3
MMCITY (what town or city are we in?, MMSE)2
MMAREA (what county (district, borough, area) are we in?, MMSE)2
MMSTATE (what state are we in?, MMSE)2
Q7 (Orientation, ADAS)2

Functional abilitiesFAQTOTAL (Total, FAQ)
FAQFORM (assembling tax records, business affairs, or other papers, Partial score of FAQ)2
FAQBEVG (heating water, making a cup of coffee, turning off the stove. Partial Score, FAQ)2
FAQGAME (playing a game of skill such as bridge or chess, working on a hobby. Partial Score, FAQ)2
FAQFINAN (writing checks, paying bills, or balancing checkbook. Partial Score, FAQ)2
FAQMEAL (preparing a balanced meal, Partial score of FAQ)3
FAQTV (paying attention to and understanding a TV program, book, or magazine, Partial score of FAQ)3
FAQREM (remembering appointments, family occasions, holidays, medications, Partial score of FAQ)2
FAQSHOP (shopping alone for clothes, household necessities, or groceries, Partial Score of FAQ)2
FAQTRAVL (traveling out of the neighborhood, driving, or arranging to take public transportation, Partial score of FAQ)2
FAQEVENT (keeping track of current events, Partial Score of FAQ)2

DepressionGDTOTAL (Total score, GDS)
GDHOPE (do you feel that your situation is hopeless?, Partial Score of GDS)3
GDDROP (have you dropped many of your activities and interests?, Partial Score of GDS)3
GDALIVE (do you think it is wonderful to be alive now?, Partial Score of GDS)3
GDHAPPY (do you feel happy most of the time?, Partial Score of GDS)3
GDWORTH (do you feel pretty worthless the way you are now?, Partial Score of GDS)3
GDENERGY (do you feel full of energy?, Partial Score of GDS)3
GDBETTER (do you think that most people are better off than you are?, Partial Score of GDS)3
GDSATIS (are you basically satisfied with your life?, Partial Score of GDS)3
GDEMPTY (is life empty?, Partial Score of GDS)3
GDBORED (do you often get bored?, Partial Score of GDS)3
GDSPIRIT (are you in good spirits most of the time?, Partial Score of GDS)3
GDAFRAID (are you afraid that something bad is going to happen to you?, Partial Score of GDS)3
GDHELP (do you often feel helpless?, Partial Score of GDS)3
GDHOME (do you prefer to stay at home, rather than going out and doing new things?, Partial Score of GDS)3
GDMEMORY (do you feel you have more problems with memory than most?, Partial Score of GDS)3