Effects of Systematic Categorization Training on Cognitive Performance in Healthy Older Adults and in Adults with Traumatic Brain Injury

Table 4

Performance on neuropsychological measures.

	Group 1: young adults with TBI (treated)		Group 2: young uninjured adults (treated)		Group 3: older adults (treated)		Group 4: older adults (untreated)
	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	Pre	Post
California Verbal Learning Test-R (CVLT-R)
Total trials 1-5	51.0	55.5	58.93	65.80	47.14	49.64	45.43	49.50
	14.06	11.32	7.85	6.07	9.77	10.49	9.87	9.02
Short delay	8.27	11.1	12.33	14.80	8.92	10.54	9.57	11.00
	4.81	5.13	2.09	2.00	3.66	4.39	3.00	3.59
Long delay	9.27	11.6	14.93	13.60	10.92	9.00	11.14	9.50
	4.45	3.89	1.53	1.72	3.50	3.94	3.44	3.16
Rey Complex Figure (RCF)
Copy	29.61	31.09	34.90	34.53	29.82	30.36	30.00	32.00
	7.38	4.67	1.56	2.36	6.47	6.72	6.10	3.68
Immediate	16.34	22.77	21.64	28.71	13.50	15.93	10.32	16.64
	6.83	5.47	4.57	5.39	8.20	8.27	5.03	5.92
Delayed	17.34	22.9	21.77	27.63	12.04	15.39	10.50	16.0
	6.33	5.26	4.74	6.44	5.96	8.81	5.88	5.72
Wechsler Memory Scale-III (WMS-III)
Longest Digit Span Forward	7.5	8.6	6.53	6.93	6.78	6.57	6.57	6.36
	2.61	2.36	1.41	1.33	1.31	1.16	1.45	.84
Spatial Span Forward	8.28	9.54	8.93	9.27	7.79	8.00	7.50	7.78
	1.58	1.29	2.25	2.09	2.29	1.88	1.83	1.19
Spatial Span Backward	7.85	8.72	8.27	8.27	7.50	7.14	6.64	6.21
	1.65	1.67	2.02	1.79	1.45	1.83	1.39	1.05
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST)
Number of Categories Completed	5.78	6.0	5.20	5.73	4.93	4.43	4.57	5.29
	.42	.0	1.57	.80	1.82	2.24	1.70	1.44
Trials to Complete First Category	13.21	11.36	14.67	13.27	17.43	12	16.28	16.28
	5.72	1.56	6.42	4.58	22.62	4.45	9.86	13.76
Failure to Maintain Set	.57	.27	.47	.27	1.14	1.14	.71	1.07
	.64	.46	.64	.59	1.29	2.03	1.07	1.64
Booklet Category Test
Total errors	40.0	27.4	33.53	18.20	70.07	54.79	65.07	56.64
	20.58	14.02	25.90	17.04	21.54	24.15	28.96	31.04
Symbol Digits Modality Test	40.25	47.75	58.20	65.47	44.50	48.07	44.00	47.00
	10.11	10.71	9.51	13.17	15.00	11.59	9.37	11.71
Controlled Oral Word Association Test(COWAT)	33.1	41.7	42.73	49.47	39.29	39.78	41.93	41.86
	8.67	13.04	9.50	9.34	8.30	10.02	17.23	17.06
Trail Making Test A (in seconds)	36.16	38.98	25.67	23.10	34.61	35.36	39.93	36.86
	11.37	44.45	6.98	6.60	11.24	14.78	14.61	13.70
Trail Making Test B (in seconds)	79.5	90.54	57.45	55.80	79.43	74.57	74.21	86.57
	45.5	85.4	23.20	24.90	26.42	26.37	25.82	43.95
Woodcock-Johnson III (WJIII-13)
Picture Recognition	48.42	51.42	53.33	54.53	51.86	50.43	51.21	51.86
	3.36	3.75	3.02	2.75	4.15	8.91	3.98	3.35
WJIII-3
Spatial Relations	70.21	73.64	74.07	74.87	68.50	68.64	68.29	69.50
	5.1	5.41	6.28	5.45	6.34	9.64	7.18	6.46
WJIII-15
Analysis/Synthesis	27.78	28.71	28.67	28.93	23.37	25.00	23.71	23.36
	2.42	2.16	4.35	4.68	6.06	5.72	4.07	7.24
WJIII-5
Concept Formation	28.35	34.85	36.57	37.21	28.64	29.93	28.21	28.71
	5.3	4.18	2.93	5.29	7.80	6.76	6.04	7.50
WJIII-16
Decision Speed	26.0	31.78	36.46	38.15	32.07	34.14	30.14	32.29
	8.35	7.29	5.59	3.29	5.81	6.02	6.19	6.13
WJIII-1
Verbal Comprehension	52.92	56.14	59.57	61.50	56.43	56.78	58.28	57.93
	5.99	5.9	4.62	4.83	5.65	6.18	5.65	5.30