4 blocks each of 60 computer-transformed facial stimuli from the Ekman and Friesen series, 6 emotions, each stimulus containing different intensities of two emotions, display time n/a
n/a
n/a//600
ON STN vs. OFF STN (med off)
months (3-24) after DBS
Anger recognition accuracy significantly reduced in the ON STN condition
56 facial stimuli in each block from Karolinska directed emotional faces database, 7 emotions, 500 ms
n/a
post-DBS
4 conditions post-op (med off, STN OFF; med off, STN ON; med on, STN ON; med on, STN OFF)
At least 6 months after ( year)
ON vs. OFF STN DBS (off med): sign. worse recognition accuracy in ON condition ON vs. OFF STN DBS (on med): better FER recognition accuracy in ON condition Greater FER benefit when two therapies (L-Dopa, DBS) combined
30 facial stimuli from Nim Stim Set, 6 emotions, display time n/a
n/a
n/a
Pre- (on- and off- medication) vs. post-DBS (on med, OFF STN and on med, ON STN)
Before and after DBS: OFF STN: 5 days after ON STN: 2-6 months after
Pre- vs. post-DBS (on med vs. on med, ON STN): no sign. FER accuracy difference Pre- vs. post-DBS (on med vs. on med, OFF STN): no sign. FER accuracy difference ON vs. OFF stimulation (on med): no sign. FER accuracy difference
105 facial stimuli from the Ekman and Friesen series in broad (BSF), high ( cycles/image) and low ( cycles/image) spatial frequency resolutions, 7 emotions, 200 ms
n/a
post-DBS
Post-DBS (4 conditions: med off, STN OFF; med on, STN OFF; med off, STN ON; med on, STN ON)
At least 6 months after DBS ( years)
ON vs. OFF: no sign. effect of stimulation for BSF and LSF faces, lower total FER accuracy for HSF in the ON condition
Implicit and explicit emotional processing task, regions around the eyes from the Ekman 60 faces test, 112 stimuli (16 faces, 96 words), 4 emotions (happiness, fear, disgust, neutral), no time limit
†
n/a
Post-DBS
On med, ON STN vs. OFF med, OFF STN
† months after DBS (3-77 months)
STN-DBS ON vs. OFF: for the explicit emotional processing task in the ON condition general decrease in response accuracy, sign. decrease in accuracy and longer reaction time for disgust, improved accuracy for fear
Abbreviations: STN: subthalamic nucleus; DBS: deep brain stimulation; FER: facial emotion recognition; PD: Parkinson’s disease; HC: healthy controls; sd: standard deviation; n/a: not available; m: male; f: female; 7 emotions: happiness, sadness, fear, surprise, disgust, anger, and no emotion; ms: milliseconds; LED: levodopa equivalent dose; vs.: versus; sign.: significant; med: medication; ON STN: on stimulation; OFF STN: off stimulation; DRT: dopamine replacement therapy; CATS: comprehensive affect testing system; TASIT: Awareness of Social Inference Test; EET: Emotion Evaluation Test; RMET: reading the mind in the eye task; BSF: broad spatial frequency; HSF: high spatial frequency; LSF: low spatial frequency. †Calculated from reported data. Note: the outcome refers to comparisons of PD patients’ different conditions (not comparisons with HC).