The Effectiveness of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Paradigms as Treatment Options for Recovery of Language Deficits in Chronic Poststroke Aphasia

Table 6

Short-term (one day posttreatment) and long-term (two months posttreatment) effects of 1 Hz rTMS on narration outcomes (i.e., functional communication) for participant 4.

Category	Participant 4
Lexical selection	Pre-TMS 1	Pre-TMS 2	Baseline	Post-TMS	Follow-up
Closed class	15	21	18.00	26	7
Nouns:	11	21	16.00	20	6
Adjectives	0	7	3.50	2	0
Prepositions	0	1	0.50	1	6
Adverbs	1	1	1.00	0	0
Pronouns	14	8	11.00	6	13
Verbs	11	17	14.00	12	10
Sentence productivity
MLU	3.50	4.00	3.75	4.86	3.23
Elaboration index	2.38	1.53	1.95	1.64	1.60
Embedding index	0.14	0.05	0.10	0.07	0
Discourse productivity
Narrative words	52	76	64,00	68	42
Grammatical accuracy
Prop of S with V	8	15	11.50	11	10
Prop of U w/o V	3	2	2.50	3	1
Prop of single word U	3	2	2.50	0	2
Prop of well-formed U	0.50	0.27	0.38	0.09	0.50
AUX complexity index	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.90	1.00
Error types
Phonological	0	2	1.00	6	1
Morphosyntactic	3	14	8.50	14	2
Semantic	0	5	2.50	4	3
Lexical	0	1	0.50	3	2
Neologisms	1	1	1.00	0	1
Circumlocution	0	0	0.00	1	0
Phonological %	0.00	0.03	0.02	0.09	0.02
Morphosyntactic %	0.06	0.18	0.13	0.21	0.05
Semantic %	0.00	0.07	0.04	0.06	0.07
Lexical %	0.00	0.01	0.01	0.04	0.05
Neologisms %	0.02	0.01	0.02	0.00	0.02
Circumlocution %	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.00
All errors %	0.08	0.30	0.21	0.41	0.21

Key: prop: proportion; s: sentences; V: verbs; U: utterances; w/o: without.