|
| Mode of detection | Transducer | Enzyme immobilization method | Minimum detection limit | Linearity | Substrate/enzyme inhibitor | Time of incubation
(min) | Storage stability
(days) | Reference |
|
| Amperometric | AuNPs/PB/GCE | Surface Adsorption | 3.5 × 10−9 μM | 4.48 × 10−3–4.48 × 10−2 μM | Monocrotophos | 10 | 30 | [93] |
|
| Amperometric | MWCNTs-AuNC/GCE | Hydrophilic adhesion | 1.81 × 10−3 μM | 3.0 × 10−3–3.027 μM | Malathion | 8 | 30 | [94] |
|
| Amperometric | ZrO2/CHIT/GCE | Surface Adsorption | 1.3, 5.0 × 10−3, and 1.7 μM | 6.6–440, 0.01–0.59, and 8.6–520 μM | Phoxin, malathion, and imethoate | 15 | 30 | [95] |
|
| Amperometric | Au-PtNPs/GCE | Crosslinking | 50 × 10−4, 40 × 10−3, and 40 μM | 50–200 × 10−3, 1.40–50 × 10−3, and 40–60 μM | Paraoxon ethyl, sarin, and aldicarb | 25 | NR | [96] |
|
| Amperometric | AuNPs/GCE | Surface Adsorption | 7.0 × 10−3 μM | 28 × 10−3–170 × 10−3 μM | Methamidophos | 10 | 7 | [97] |
|
| | AuNPs-MWCNTs/GCE | Surface Adsorption | 1.0 × 10−3 μM | 0.1 × 10−3–7.0 × 10−3 μM | NR | 30 | NR | [98] |
|
| Amperometric | PB/CHIT/GCE | Crosslinking | 0.113 × 10−4, 0.703 × 10−4, 0.194 × 10−4, and 0.33 × 10−4 μM | 0.45 × 10−4–0.045, 0.234 × 10−3–0.046, 0.116 × 10−3–0.0194, and 0.167 × 10−3–0.0335 μM | Paraoxon and chlorpyrifos-ethyl oxon | 10 | NR | [99] |
|
| Amperometric | TiO2-decorated graphene/GCE | Surface Adsorption | 1.4 × 10−3 μM | 4.9–74.5 and 74.5–9.9 × 103 μM | Carbyl | 3 | 20 | [100] |
|
| Voltammetric | Graphite/CHIT/GCE | Covalent Bonding | 1.58 × 10−4 μM | 1 × 10−4–1.0 μM | Chloropyrifos | 10 | 10 | [101] |
|
| Voltammetric | MWCNTs/AuNPs-CHIT/GCE | Surface Adsorption | 0.01 μM | 0.1–10 μM | Monocrotophos | NR | 50 | [102] |
|
| Amperometric | CdS-decorated garphene nanocomposite | Surface Adsorption | 3.4 × 10−3 μM | 9.9 × 10−3–9.93 μM | Carbaryl | 2 | 20 | [103] |
|
| Amperometric | CHIT-GNPs/Au electrode | Chemical Adsorption | 0.1 × 10−3 μM | 0.3 × 10−3–60.5 × 10−3 μM | Malathion | 15 | NR | [92] |
|
| Amperometric | MWCNTs-CHIT/GCE | Covalent Bonding | NR | NR | Carbaryl, malathion, dimethoate, and monocrotophos | 8 | 30 | [104] |
|
| Amperometric | AuNPs/Au electrode | Surface Adsorption | 33 × 10−3 μM | 10 × 10−3–135 × 10−3 μM | Carbofuran | 20 | 7 | [105] |
|
| Amperometric | PbO2/TiO2/Ti | Surface Adsorption | 0.1 × 10−3 μM | 0.01–20 μM | Trichlorfon | 10 | 5 | [106] |
|
| Amperometric | PB-CHIT/GCE | Covalent Bonding | 3.0 × 10−3 μM | 0.01–0.4 and 1.0–5.0 μM | Carbaryl | 10 | 30 | [107] |
|
| Amperometric | Er-GRO/Nafion | Surface Adsorption | 2.0 ng mL−1 | 5.0–100 ng mL−1 and 1.0–20 ng mL−1 | Dicholrvos | 10 | 28 | [108] |
|
| Potentiometric | SWCNT modified FGE | Crosslinking | 25–35 nM and 15–20 nM for darin and DFP, respectively | 20–60 nM and 20–80 nM for sarin and DFP, respectively | Sarin and DFP | 5 | 30 | [109] |
|
| Amperometric | Au-PtNPs/3-APTES/GC electrode | Crosslinking | 150–200 nM, 40–50 nM, and 40–60 μM for paraoxon ethyl, sarin, and aldicarb | NR | Paraoxon ethyl, sarin, and aldicarb | 10 | NR | [110] |
|
| Amperometric | CNT-web modified glassy carbon electrode | Surface Adsorption | 1 nM | 20–1000 nM | Methyl parathion | 20 | NR | [111] |
|
| Amperometric | PAN-AuNPs | Covalent Bonding |
7.39 × 10−11 g L−1 | 10−10–10−7 g L−1 | Paraoxon | NR | 20 | [112] |
|
| Voltammetric | CdTe-GNPs film | Covalent Bonding | 0.3 ngmL−1 | 1–1000 ngmL−1 and 2–15 ngmL−1 | Monocrotophos | 8 | 30 | [113] |
|
| Amperometric | SiSG-AuNPs | Surface adsorption | 0.6 ng/mL | 0.001–1 μg/mL and 2–15 μg/mL | Monocrotophos | 10 | 30 | [114] |
|
