In Vitro Evaluation of Essential Oils Derived from Piper nigrum (Piperaceae) and Citrus limonum (Rutaceae) against the Tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae)

Table 3

Mortality percentage (MAM) of R. microplus engorged females, exposed to different concentrations of Citrus limonum and Piper nigrum, and effect reproductive index (RI), inhibition of oviposition (IO), and larvae hatching (LH).

Concentration (%)	MAM (%) ± SE	RI ± SE	IO (%)	LH
Citrus limonum
10%	100.0 ± 0.0	0.0 ± 0.0	100	—
5%	94.4 ± 5.7	0.1 ± 0.1	81.6	Without hatching
2.5%	52.8 ± 12.8	0.3 ± 0.1	35	There was hatching
Piper nigrum
10%	81.7 ± 6.7	0.0 ± 0.0	96	Without hatching
5%	59.4 ± 9.4	0.1 ± 0.0	83	There was hatching
2.5%	36.1 ± 3.9	0.2 ± 0.0	50	There was hatching
C. limonum + P. nigrum
10%	100.0 ± 0.0	0.0 ± 0.0	100	—
5%	90.0 ± 10.0	0.0 ± 0.0	94	Without hatching
2.5%	55.6 ± 9.0	0.1 ± 0.0	67	There was hatching
Amitraz (2 µL/mL)	27.8 ± 7.9	0.0	100	—
Deltamethrin (1 µL/mL)	57.8 ± 9.0	0.0	100	—
DMSO 2%	16.7 ± 3.4	0.5 ± 0.0	0	There was hatching
Water	3.3 ± 3.3	0.5 ± 0.0	0	There was hatching

MAM: mean % adult mortality within 16 days, SE: standard error, RI: reproductive index, IO: (%) percent inhibition of oviposition, and LH: Larvae hatching after females treatment. Significant difference in relation to the negative control (water). Significant difference in relation to the negative control (2% DMSO) (ANOVA one way ).