Synthesis of Surfactants Derived from 2-Mercaptobenzimidazole and Study of Their Acute Toxicity and Analgesic and Psychotropic Activities

Nguema Ongone, Terence; El Ouasif, Latyfa; El Ghoul, Mostafa; Achour, Redouane; Chakchak, Hind; El Jemli, Meryem; Cherrah, Yahia; Alaoui, Katim; Zellou, Amina

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9615728

Biochemistry Research International

On this page

Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusion Data Availability Conflicts of Interest References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2019 | Article ID 9615728 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9615728

Synthesis of Surfactants Derived from 2-Mercaptobenzimidazole and Study of Their Acute Toxicity and Analgesic and Psychotropic Activities

Terence Nguema Ongone,^1,2Latyfa El Ouasif,¹Mostafa El Ghoul,¹Redouane Achour,¹Hind Chakchak,³Meryem El Jemli,²Yahia Cherrah,²Katim Alaoui,²and Amina Zellou²

Academic Editor: Tzi Bun Ng

Received03 Apr 2019

Accepted11 Jul 2019

Published30 Jul 2019

Abstract

The aim of the present study is to synthesize cationic salts from a relatively toxic compound named 2-mercaptobenzimidazole and to evaluate some of their pharmacological properties. The acute toxicity of these salts is evaluated according to OECD 423 Guidelines at the doses of 300 and 2000 mg/kg; their peripheral analgesic effect is studied using the Koster test at the therapeutic dose of 200 mg/kg and their sedative action is evaluated using Traction, Chimney, Hole-board, and Rotarod tests at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg. All synthesized molecules show no acute toxicity according to OECD Code 423 guidelines at doses ranging from 300 to 2000 mg/kg and do not cause any obesity or anorexia. Also, the results of the Koster test show that the studied compounds have an average analgesic effect at the dose of 200 mg/kg compared to acetylsalicylic acid. In addition, the elaborated compounds have shown a moderate sedative effect at the dose of 400 mg/kg, in comparison to 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (400 mg/kg) and Bromazepam (20 mg/kg). These compounds have no cataleptic and hypnotic effects on the central nervous system at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg. These results argue in favor of a possible integration of the most active salts tested in the pharmaceutical industry owing to their analgesic and sedative effects.

1. Introduction

Heterocyclic organic chemistry accounts for a large part of organic chemistry research conducted around the world. In particular, heterocyclic structures having one or more nitrogen atoms form the basis of many pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and veterinary products. Indeed, like nitrogenous bases that play a very important role in the human body, these molecules are a large part of the active ingredients of drugs marketed to date. We can, for example, mention the benzodiazepines marketed for their psychotropic effects on the central nervous system (Bromazepam, Diazepam, Clobazam, and Prazepam) and the benzimidazoles sold for their antihelminthic, antisecretory gastric, and antipsychotic effects (Mebendazole, Flubendazole, Timoprazole, Lanzoprazole, and Pimozide): these are biologically active nitrogenous heterocycles. The search for new benzimidazole molecules likely to have antimicrobial [1–3], anti-inflammatory [4–6], analgesic [7–9], antidiabetic [10], antioxidant [11–13], antitumor [14–16], antihistamines [17, 18], antihypertensives [19–21], antiviral [22–24], antifungal [25–27], and psychotropic [28–30] properties interesting remains current. The literature also reports a large body of work showing that benzimidazole derivatives are good corrosion inhibitors [31–33]. It is with this in mind that Latyfa El Ouasif et al. [34, 35] synthesized 2-mercaptobenzimidazole derivatives, in the form of dialkyl derivatives and surfactants, to study their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and their corrosion inhibiting ability. Indeed, today, a large number of benzimidazole derivatives used as surfactants are reported in various studies [36–38]. Indeed, the long-chain benzimidazolium constitutes a very interesting family of cationic amphiphiles whose structure and the nature of the counterion can be easily modulated. This makes them particularly interesting for biological and especially pharmacological applications.

In order to valorize these molecules, we used another method of synthesis of surfactants derived from 2-mercaptobenzimidazole with potential surfactant properties in order to evaluate their acute oral toxicity and their analgesic and psychotropic properties on the nervous system.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Synthesis of 2-Mercaptobenzimidazole Derivatives

In the works of Latyfa El Ouasif et al. previously mentioned, the surfactants 2–5 were prepared in two steps via dialkylated intermediates. However, in order to minimize material losses, we have used another method to synthesize these products in one step (Scheme 1). Thus, alkylation and quaternization of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole 1 with n-alkyl bromides was carried out under solid-liquid phase transfer catalysis conditions in the acetonitrile reflux in a single step. This method makes it possible to obtain 2-mercaptobenzimidazoliums bromides with good yields.

In addition, these molecules are prepared with the following method:

To a solution of 6.6 mmol of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole and 80 ml of acetonitrile was added 13 mmol of potassium carbonate, 0.66 mmol of tetra-n-butylammonium bromide and 20 mmol of 1-bromoalcane. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 72 hours. After evaporating, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The oil obtained is chromatographed on silica gel column (eluent: hexane).

The structures of the compounds are confirmed by ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR spectral data, and mass spectrometry (Table 1). The nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the proton and carbon 13 were determined on an AVANCE 300 Bruker device at the 300 MHz frequency, in a solution of deuterated chloroform, and the mass spectra were recorded with a Q-TRAP device (Applied Biosystems) equipped with electrospray (ESI) sources.

2.2. Evaluation of Acute Toxicity

2.2.1. Method Used

We conducted the acute toxicity study according to OECD Code 423 guidelines [39]. In this study, we used female mice, which are more sensitive than males. Their body weights were between 20 and 30 g. All these animals were healthy and were deprived of food for 12 hours before the start of the study.

In this study, the mice are placed in several groups of 3 animals. The control group received a solution of gum arabic (10%) orally. The other groups receive products 2–5 at the doses of 300 and 2,000 mg/kg, in two groups per product. For each dose, the test is performed twice to confirm the results.

We were particularly attentive to the behavior of the animals to note any signs of toxicity and mortality throughout the study period.

2.3. Peripheral Analgesic Activity: Koster Test

The study of the peripheral analgesic activity of our products was carried out using the Koster test [40], which involves inducing cramps in animals with acetic acid and observing the ability of our products to inhibit these cramps.

For this study, mice (females and males) with a body weight between 20 and 30 g were used. The animals are placed in several lots of 5 animals each. The control batch received an aqueous solution of 10% gum arabic. The reference batch received acetylsalicylic acid at the dose of 100 mg/kg. The other batches received different products studied at the dose of 200 mg/kg.

Cramps were induced by intraperitoneal injection of a 1.2% acetic acid solution at the rate of 0.15 ml for a 20 g mouse 60 minutes after administration of the tested products. The animals were placed in transparent cages, and the number of cramps was noted during a continuous observation of 10 min from the 5th minute after the injection of acetic acid. The percentage inhibition of abdominal cramps was calculated as follows:where Nt is the number of cramps in the control batch and Nc is the number of cramps in the treated batch.

2.4. Sedative Activity

The sedative activity of a given chemical is its ability to reduce or inhibit the level of alertness and psychomotor reactivity of the individual to whom it is administered. In rodents, it is studied through four behavior tests: Tractiont, Chimney, Hole-board, and Rotarod tests, in comparison with a drug.

2.4.1. Traction Test

Traction test measures the time required for a mouse suspended by the forelegs to obtain traction of the hind limbs. The animals are placed on a small stretched wire (1 mm in diameter and 15 cm long) held firmly over the top of a bench with two wooden rods. Mice are allowed to grasp the wire with their forelegs and then released. A healthy mouse catches the wire with at least one of its hind legs in less than 5 seconds. Latency defects in animals receiving a product reflect a potential impairment of tensile force or poor coordination. This reflects the manifestation of sedation induced by a chemical [41, 42].

2.4.2. Chimney Test

Chimney test is a simple test of tranquilization and muscle relaxation [43]. In this test, the animal is introduced into a 2000 mL glass tube head first. As soon as the mouse reaches the bottom of the tube on all fours, it tries to pull it up. The time elapsing between the moment when the mouse is placed on all fours and the moment when it tries to put back the test tube is recorded individually for each animal the time limit being 120 seconds. A normal mouse usually tries to escape in less than thirty seconds. Mice with a motor impairment are those who are unable to reassemble the test tube in less than 30 s. They will be said to be sedated [44, 45].

2.4.3. Hole-Board Test

This test makes it possible to study the spontaneous locomotor activity for rodent exploration. The board we used measures 40 cm × 40 cm and was 2.2 cm thick. It has 16 holes 3 cm in diameter and is made of gray Perspex. The matte finish of the top panel prevents reflections that could alter the behavior of the animal. The mice were placed in the center of the perforated board, and they are let to explore freely for five minutes. The number of holes explored by each animal is carefully recorded over a five minute period [46, 47].

2.4.4. Rotarod Test

Rotarod test is a standard test for assessing motor coordination, balance changes, and fatigue levels in rodents previously dosed with any product. This test is used to study the effects of different chemicals on the central nervous system [48, 49]. In this test, the mice were selected 24 hours before the test by retaining only those that could remain on the rotary bar (14 rpm) of the rotarod apparatus (Ugo Basile, Model 7600) for two consecutive periods of 60 seconds. The latency period before the fall of the animals is raised individually for each animal [50].

2.5. Hypnotic Activity

The hypnotic action of a substance is its ability to cause drowsiness or sleep. Animals receiving a dose of product are considered hypnotized if they lose their righting reflexes by putting them on their backs.

In this study, the mice received orally doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg of the products studied. The following items are recorded: the time of falling asleep (TE) and the time of sleep duration (TS) [51].

2.6. Cataleptic Activity

When it is possible to cross the anterior and posterior legs of the same side of animal that has received a dose of a product, it will be said that this product exerts a cataleptic effect on the animal [52]. In this study, we will note the moment when this effect arrives and the moment when it disappears.

2.7. Statistical Analysis

The results obtained in this work are expressed as mean values ± standard deviation (SD) for each data. These data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA). We used the post hoc procedure for significance of difference ( and ). The analysis was done with Graph pad Prism 6.0.

3. Results

3.1. Acute Toxicity Results

All synthesized 2–5 molecules show no acute toxicity according to OECD Code 423 guidelines at doses ranging from 300 to 2000 mg/kg (Scheme 2). This could be related to the weight of these molecules, which would influence their bioavailability in the body and therefore the total dose acting on the animal. In addition, the weights of the treated animals remained relatively stable during the study for all products. Therefore, these compounds do not cause obesity or anorexia. It should also be noted that the study of the acute toxicity of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole, carried out as part of our previous work (work in progress), showed that its LD₅₀ is as follows: LD₅₀ = 1000 mg/kg.

3.2. Results of Peripheral Analgesic Activity

After careful study, the results obtained for this activity at the dose of 200 mg/kg vary according to the size of the molecule. Thus, 2-mercaptobenzimidazole 1 has a lower peripheral analgesic activity than acetylsalicylic acid at the therapeutic dose of 100 mg/kg. The number of cramps of this product is 26.02 ± 3.96 and that of acetylsalicylic acid is 9.60 ± 1.50. Moreover, the results obtained for the 1,3-dialkyl-2-alkylthio-1H-benzimidazolium bromides 2–5 show that the 3–5 derivatives are moderately active at this dose. They reduce with moderation the number of cramps induced by acetic acid in comparison with acetylsalicylic acid. Product 2 is weakly active at the same dose because it reduces slightly the number of cramps induced by acetic acid. The number of cramps recorded with these products is 25 ± 3.53 for product 2, 19.60 ± 3.78 for product 3, 17.60 ± 4.82 for product 4, and 19.75 ± 4.24 for product 5 (Table 2).

3.3. Sedative Activity Results

3.3.1. Traction Test Results

For this test, impaired motor coordination and impaired tensile force were observed in animals dosed with 400 mg/kg of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole 1 (Table 3). This is manifested by the falls of all the animals used with an average time of fall of 10.38 ± 0.14 s. This observation indicates that this product has a strong sedative effect at this dose on the central nervous system. On the other hand, this activity appears less important at the therapeutic dose of 200 mg/kg where we observe 33.33% of falls of the animals used with a average time of fall of 52.71 ± 30.42 s. Otherwise, there was a slight motor coordination deficiency and a slight alteration of the tensile strength of the animals receiving products 2–5 at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg (Tables 4 and 5). This is manifested by their recovery on the wire in less than 5 s. Thus, at the dose of 400 mg/kg, the straightening times of the animals are 2.36 ± 0.91 s for product 2, 1.56 ± 0.60 s for product 3, 1.51 ± 0.78 s for product 4, and 1.20 ± 0.50 s for product 5.

3.3.2. Chimney Test Results

Administration of the therapeutic dose of 400 mg/kg of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole 1 significantly altered the motor coordination of the animals, as evidenced by the results of this test. This results, in particular, in the muscle relaxation observed since all the mice that have received this dose remain immobile at the bottom of the chimney (Table 3). This confirms the strong sedative effect of this product observed for the traction test. The results obtained at the therapeutic dose of 200 mg/kg show a less-significant sedative effect. Furthermore, the administration of 1,3-dialkyl-2-alkylthio-1H-benzimidazoliums bromides 2–5 at the therapeutic dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg orally does not modify the animal’s motor coordination or their traction force. This is observed by the fact that mice take less than 30 s to search for the tube (Tables 4 and 5). Indeed, at the dose of 400 mg/kg, the average time taken by the animals to try to leave the test tube is 5.21 ± 1.33 s for the product 2; 5.38 ± 2.06 s for product 3; 4.82 ± 1.50 s for product 4; and 6.61 ± 2.81 s for product 5. These products exert a weak sedative effect on the central nervous system.

3.3.3. Hole-Board Test Results

The results obtained with this test for 2-mercaptobenzimidazole 1 at the therapeutic dose 400 mg/kg show that the animals used lose their sense of curiosity since the number of holes explored is much lower than that of the control animals that have only received a solution of 10% gum arabic. In addition, this dose considerably decreases the spontaneous locomotor activity of animals because the space traveled between the holes is very small (Table 3). These results confirm a strong sedative effect observed in previous tests. We found, however, that the administration of 1,3-dialkyl-2-alkylthio-1H-benzimidazoliums bromides 2–5 at therapeutic doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg resulted in a slight decrease in the cumulative number of holes explored by the animals (in relation curiosity) and the number of spaces traveled between two holes (in relation to the motor activity). They therefore retain their spontaneous locomotor activity (Tables 4 and 5). Indeed, at the dose of 400 mg/kg, the average number of holes explored by the animals is 3.96 ± 1.95 holes for the product 2; 3.60 ± 0.67 holes for product 3; 3.88 ± 1.51 holes for product 4; and 4.72 ± 1.40 holes for product 5. These results show that these products exert a slight sedative effect on the central nervous system.

3.3.4. Rotarod Test Results

The results obtained with this test show that all the animals having received the dose of 400 mg/kg of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole 1 completely lose their motor coordination and their equilibrium on the rotating stem. They also show signs of tiredness due to the effect of the product (Table 3). This confirms the strong sedative effect of the product 1 on the central nervous system. The results obtained with of 1,3-dialkyl-2-alkylthio-1H-benzimidazoliums bromides 2–5 show that all the animals which have received the therapeutic doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg effectively preserve their motor coordination and their equilibrium on the rotating stem in comparison with the control animals having received only a solution of 10% gum arabic (Tables 4 and 5). Indeed, these animals put more than 120 s on the rotating stem as the control animals. In addition, these animals do not exhibit particular fatigue effects. This result confirms the weak sedative effect of these molecules on the central nervous system.

3.4. Hypnotic Activity

The products tested do not exert hypnotic effects on the central nervous system at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg.

3.5. Cataleptic Activity

The products tested do not exert cataleptic effects on the central nervous system at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg.

4. Discussion

In order to carry out antibacterial and antioxdant activities, El Ouasif et al. [34] synthesized 1,3-dialkyl-2-alkylthio-1H-benzimidazolium bromides following two steps. The first corresponds to the synthesis of 1-alkyl-2-alkylthio-1H-benzimidazole under phase transfer catalysis conditions and the second concerns the quaternization of 1-alkyl-2-alkylthio-1H-benzimidazole at reflux of acetonitrile. In this context, the present work aims to reprepare these products owing to their pharmacological interest and to valorize them by studying in vivo their acute toxicity, their peripheral analgesic activity, and their psychotropic effects on the central nervous system. For this purpose, we have carried out the alkylation of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole and the quaternization of 1-alkyl-2-alkylthio-1H-benzimidazole in a single step under solid-liquid phase transfer catalysis conditions in the acetonitrile reflux (Scheme 1). The acute toxicity evaluation of products 2–5 at the dose of 300 mg/kg induced no signs of toxicity or mortality. Also, the toxicity at the dose of 2000 mg/kg was evaluated twice without observing any death or any sign of toxicity during the entire observation period. In addition, no significant change in the weight of the treated animals was noted. These results show that the tested salts 2–5 are not toxic at 300 and 2000 mg/kg. Their respective LD₅₀ is greater than 5000 mg/kg (Scheme 2). Therefore, they belong to the category of the Globally Harmonized System (GHS). These results corroborate those of our previous work in which we have shown that the insertion of long alkyl chains on 4-phenyl-1,5-benzodiazepin-2-one leads to nontoxic products [53]. The literature also mentions a large number of studies showing the absence of toxicity on molecules with long carbon chains [54–56]. However, a chronic toxicity study would be required to complete our study. Furthermore, we studied the peripheral analgesic activity of products 1 and 2–5 at the therapeutic dose of 200 mg/kg which consists on evaluating the ability of these products to inhibit the cramps induced in mice by 1.2% acetic acid. The number of cramps was noted for ten minutes from the fifth minute after the injection of acetic acid to animals that received the products studied an hour earlier. The obtained results show that 2-mercaptobenzimidazole 1 and 1,3-dioctyl-2-octylthio-1H-benzimidazolium bromide 2 are weakly active, whereas 1,3-di(nonyl decyl, dodecyl)-2-[(nonyl, decyl, dodecyl)thio]-1H-benzimidazolium bromides 3–5 are moderately active. Indeed, these molecules have a cramp reduction percentage of 33.67 ± 10.03% for the product 1; 36.70 ± 8.95% for product 2; 50.37 ± 9.57% for product 3; 55.44 ± 12.22% for product 4; and 50 ± 10.81% for product 5. This analgesic effect can be explained by a possible involvement of opioid receptors [57]. These results are in agreement with the work of Kuzmierkiewiez et al. [58] and those of Taniguchi et al. [59], which showed that certain 3-(benzimidazol-2-yl)propanoic acid and 2-aminobenzimidazole derivatives have an analgesic effect. In addition, Merck and Dohme [60] reported that thiabendazole also has analgesic effects. In addition, in our recent work [61], we have shown that the long-chain carbon derivatives of 4-phenyl-1,5-benzodiazepin-2-one have a good analgesic effect on the nervous system. However, knowing that analgesic activity involving opioid receptors is more important in the case of small molecules, we can suggest first, that their analgesic effects may not be due to the involvement of the opioid system [62]. In addition, knowing that the transport of products 2–5 via specific receptors requires an affinity between the ligands (here molecules 2–5) and the receptor, we can suggest that this affinity would be favored by the electrostatic forces of the alkyl chains, which would increase their analgesic action. Third, since these products are administered orally, they can be metabolized, and their potential metabolites may be the cause of their activity. Finally, this activity could be explained by the presence of the counterion (Br⁻) electron donor in the molecules 2–5. Indeed, this hypothesis would be consistent with a series of studies [63–65], which show that the presence of an electron donor group in a molecule reinforces its lipophilic character that can in turn be responsible for the analgesic activity. Moreover, we have shown that all the studied products did not exert cataleptic and a hypnotic effects on the central nervous system at the therapeutic doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, whereas the product 1 has a strong sedative effect, as it is shown by the different results of the behavioral tests. Indeed, we showed that this product caused the fall of 100% of the animals used in the traction test at the dose of 400 mg/kg (Table 3). These falls of animals reflect the alteration of their traction force and their motor coordination. The test of the chimney shows a relaxation of the muscles of the animals at this dose, since the latter remain more than 120 s in the test tube without trying to get out while the control animals remain just 3.40 ± 0.5 s and then try to escape. These observations corroborate as the results of the hole-board test where we observe a loss of locomotor activity in animals. Indeed, the animals having received 400 mg/kg of the product 1 explore on average 2.52 ± 1.03 holes, whereas the control animals explore on average 7 ± 1 holes. Finally, we observe a loss of equilibrium on the rotating rod in the rotarod test. These results are in agreement with those of Maryanoff et al. who showed that pyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazole derivatives [66] exert psychotropic effects on the central nervous system. However, products 2–5 have a weak sedative effect on the central nervous system. Indeed, Traction test shows that the animals having received the dose of 400 mg/kg from these products retain their motor coordination. Animals hooked on the wire put on average 2.36 ± 0.91 s to recover completely when they received the product 2. This time is 1.56 ± 0.60 s for the animals received the product 3, 1.51 ± 0.78 s for those received product 4, and 1.20 ± 0.50 s for those received product 5 (Tables 4 and 5). Similarly, Chimney test shows the absence of muscle relaxation for the animals that have received the different elaborated salts since these animals put less than 7 s to try to leave the test tube. The animals that received the product 2 put on average 5.21 ± 1.33 s trying to escape, those who received the product 3 put on average 5.38 ± 2.06 s, those who received the product 4 put on average 4.82 ± 1.50 s, and those who received the product 5 put on average 6.61 ± 2.81 s to leave the test tube (Tables 4 and 5). The results of these two tests are supported by those of the Hole-board test, which show that animals received product 2 explore on average 3.96 ± 1.95 holes, the animals having received the product 3 explore on average 3.60 ± 0.67, those who received the product 4 explore an average of 3.88 ± 1.51, and the mice having received the product 5 explore on average 4.72 ± 1.40 holes (Tables 4 and 5). These results show that the locomotor activity of the animals receiving the prepared salts is slightly impaired. The results of the Rotarod test confirm this low sedative activity of products 2–5 at the dose of 400 mg/kg since the animals receiving them remain more than 120 s (Tables 4 and 5) on the rotating stem, thus maintaining their equilibrium. Our results are consistent with the work of Sercdcnin and Yarkova [67], who have shown that some benzimidazoles can be active in the central nervous system without having a sedative effect. Finally, we do not notice any significant change in results as we move from one derivative to another and from one dose to another in the case of products 2–5. In view of the good results obtained in this work, we suggest the use of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole 1 for its sedative effect and 1,3-di(nonyl, decyl, dodecyl)-2-[(nonyl, decyl, dodecyl)thio]-1H-benzimidazolium bromides 3–5 for their analgesic activity in the pharmaceutical industry. However, the use of these molecules as drugs requires that they should be soluble in the body, to ensure their transport, their diffusion, and better cell penetration. In addition, the determination of the molecular targets on which these molecules act would be very important to know their molecular mechanisms. Finally, we suggest studying the anticonvulsive, antihelminthic, antigastric secretory, antihistaminic, and anti-inflammatory activity of these products in order to display their numerous pharmacological benefits.

5. Conclusion

The cationic salts derived from 2-mercaptobenzimidazole prepared in the present study are not toxic at the doses of 300 and 2000 mg/kg and do not cause any obesity or anorexia. Therefore, they belong to the category of the Globally Harmonized System (GHS). Furthermore, our results show that these salts have an average peripheral analgesic effect at the dose of 200 mg/kg compared to acetylsalicylic acid (100 mg/kg).

In addition, they do not have cataleptic and hypnotic effects on the central nervous system at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, but have a weak sedative effect at the dose of 400 mg/kg compared to Bromazepam (20 mg/kg). 2-mercaptobenzimidazole has a strong sedative action comparable to that of Bromazepam (20 mg/kg) at the dose of 400 mg/kg and a low peripheral analgesic effect at the dose of 200 mg/kg.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

References

V. S. Padalkar, B. N. Borse, V. D. Gupta et al., “Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of novel 2-substituted benzimidazole, benzoxazole and benzothiazole derivatives,” Arabian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. S1125–S1130, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Lingala, R. Nerella, and K. R. S. Sambasiva Rao, “Synthesis, antimicrobial and anthelmintic activity of some novel benzimidazole derivatives,” Der Pharma Chemica, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 344–352, 2011.
View at: Google Scholar
P. Singh Rathee, R. Dhankar, S. Bhardwaj, M. Gupta, and R. Kumar, “Synthesis and Antimicrobial studies of novel benzimidazole derivatives,” Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, vol. 01, no. 04, pp. 127–130, 2011.
View at: Google Scholar
K. C. S. Achar, K. M. Hosamani, and H. R. Seetharamareddy, “In-vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of newly synthesized benzimidazole derivatives,” European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 2048–2054, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Sethi, Y. Bansal, and G. Bansal, “Synthesis and PASS-assisted evaluation of coumarin-benzimidazole derivatives as potential anti-inflammatory and anthelmintic agents,” Medicinal Chemistry Research, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 61–71, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
V. Kumar, G. Basavarajaswamy, M. Vaishali Rai et al., “Rapid ‘one-pot’ synthesis of a novel benzimidazole-5-carboxylate and its hydrazone derivatives as potential anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agents,” Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 1420–1426, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. A Datar and S. A Limaye, “Design and synthesis of Mannich bases as benzimidazole derivatives as analgesic agents,” Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 35–46, 2015.
View at: Google Scholar
M. Gaba and C. Mohan, “Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 1,2,5-substituted benzimidazole derivatives as gastroprotective anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents,” Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 058–063, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Eswayah, S. Khaliel, S. Saad et al., “Synthesis and analgesic activity evaluation of some new benzimidazole derivatives,” American Journal of Chemistry and Application, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 30–35, 2017.
View at: Google Scholar
R. V. Shingalapur, K. M. Hosamani, R. S. Keri, and M. H. Hugar, “Derivatives of benzimidazole pharmacophore: synthesis, anticonvulsant, antidiabetic and DNA cleavage studies,” European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 1753–1759, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. R. Archie, B. K. Das, M. D. S. Hossain, U. Kumar, and A. S. Shamsur Rouf, “Synthesis and antioxidant activity of 2-Substituted-5-nitro benzimidazole derivatives,” International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 308–310, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Karmaker, D. Noor Lira, B. Kumar Das, U. Kumar, and A. S. Shamsur Rouf, “Synthesis and antioxidant activity of some novel benzimidazole derivatives,” Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 245–249, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. O. Anastassova, A. T. Mavrova, D. Y. Yancheva et al., “Hepatotoxicity and antioxidant activity of some new N,N′-disubstituted benzimidazole-2-thiones, radical scavenging mechanism and structure-activity relationship,” Arabian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 353–369, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Soni, M. S. Ranawat, A. Bhandari, and R. Sharma, “Synthesis and in vitro antitumor activity of benzimidazole derivatives,” International Journal of Drug Research and Technology, vol. 2, no. 7, pp. 479–485, 2012.
View at: Google Scholar
M. Hranjec, G. Pavlović, M. Marjanović, M. Kralj, and G. Karminski-Zamola, “Benzimidazole derivatives related to 2,3-acrylonitriles, benzimidazo[1,2-a]quinolines and fluorenes: synthesis, antitumor evaluation in vitro and crystal structure determination,” European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 2405–2417, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. M. Refaat, “Synthesis and anticancer activity of some novel 2-substituted benzimidazole derivatives,” European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 45, no. 7, pp. 2949–2956, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Mor, F. Bordi, C. Silva et al., “Synthesis, biological activity, QSAR and QSPR study of 2-aminobenzimidazole derivatives as potent H₃-antagonists,” Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 663–674, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. J. Wang, M. Y. Xi, J. H. Fu et al., “Synthesis, biological evaluation and SAR studies of benzimidazole derivatives as H₁-antihistamine agents,” Chinese Chemical Letters, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 707–710, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. R. Kumar, J. L. Jawahar, and D. P. Pathak, “Synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives: as anti-hypertensive agents,” E-Journal of Chemistry, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 278–285, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. Zhu, Y. Da, D. Wu et al., “Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of new 5-nitro benzimidazole derivatives as AT₁ antagonists with anti-hypertension activities,” Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 22, no. 7, pp. 2294–2302, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. C. Sharma, S. Sharma, N. K. Sahu, and D. V. Kohli, “3D QSAR kNN-MFA studies on 6-substituted benzimidazoles derivatives as nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists: a rational approach to antihypertensive agents,” Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 167–176, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Starčević, M. Kralj, K. Ester et al., “Synthesis, antiviral and antitumor activity of 2-substituted-5-amidino-benzimidazoles,” Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 15, no. 13, pp. 4419–4426, 2007.
View at: Google Scholar
Y. M. Shaker, M. A. Omar, K. Mahmoud et al., “Synthesis,in vitro and in vivo antitumor and antiviral activity of novel 1-substituted benzimidazole derivatives,” Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 826–845, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y.-F. Shen, L. Liu, C.-Z. Feng et al., “Synthesis and antiviral activity of a new coumarin derivative against spring viraemia of carp virus,” Fish & Shellfish Immunology, vol. 81, pp. 57–66, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
I. Kerimov, G. Ayhan-Kilcigil, B. Can-Eke, N. Altanlar, and M. İscan, “Synthesis, antifungal and antioxidant screening of some novel benzimidazole derivatives,” Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 696–701, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Kenchappa, Y. D. Bodke, S. Telkar, and M. Aruna Sindhe, “Antifungal and anthelmintic activity of novel benzofuran derivatives containing thiazolo benzimidazole nucleus: an in vitro evaluation,” Journal of Chemical Biology, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 11–23, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. T. Chandrika, S. K. Shrestha, H. X. Ngo, and S. Garneau-Tsodikova, “Synthesis and investigation of novel benzimidazole derivatives as antifungal agents,” Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 24, no. 16, pp. 3680–3686, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. M. Vasil’ev, K. Y. Kalitin, A. A. Spasov et al., “Prediction and study of anticonvulsant properties of benzimidazole derivatives,” Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal, vol. 50, no. 12, pp. 775–780, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Anandarajagopal, R. N. Tiwari, K. G. Bothara, J. A. Jeba Sunilson, C. Dineshkumar, and P. Promwichit, “2-Mercaptobenzimidazole derivatives: synthesis and anticonvulsant activity,” Advances in Applied Science Research, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 132–138, 2010.
View at: Google Scholar
P. Jain, P. K. Sharma, H. Rajak, R. S. Pawar, U. K. Patil, and P. K. Singour, “Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of some novel benzimidazole derivatives for their potential anticonvulsant activity,” Archives of Pharmacal Research, vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 971–980, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Zhang, Y. Tang, S. Qi, D. Dong, H. Cang, and G. Lu, “The inhibition performance of long-chain alkyl-substituted benzimidazole derivatives for corrosion of mild steel in HCl,” Corrosion Science, vol. 102, pp. 517–522, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Gutiérrez, J. A. Rodríguez, J. Cruz-Borbolla, J. G. Alvarado-Rodríguez, and P. Thangarasu, “Development of a predictive model for corrosion inhibition of carbon steel by imidazole and benzimidazole derivatives,” Corrosion Science, vol. 108, pp. 23–35, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Dutta, S. K. Saha, U. Adhikari, P. Banerjee, and D. Sukul, “Effect of substitution on corrosion inhibition properties of 2-(substituted phenyl) benzimidazole derivatives on mild steel in 1 M HCl solution: a combined experimental and theoretical approach,” Corrosion Science, vol. 123, pp. 256–266, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. El Ouasif, A. Bouyahya, R. Zniber et al., “Novel 2-mercaptobenzimidazole derivatives: synthesis and evaluation of its antibacterial and antioxidant activities,” Mediterranean Journal of Chemistry, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 77–87, 2017.
View at: Google Scholar
L. El Ouasif, I. Merimi, H. Zarrok et al., “Synthesis and inhibition study of carbon steel corrosion in hydrochloric acid of a new surfactant derived from 2-mercaptobenzimidazole,” Journal of Materials and Environmental Science, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 2718–2730, 2016.
View at: Google Scholar
S. Ramkumar, K.-G. Upul Wijayantha, D. Velayutham, and S. Anandan, “Synthesis of 1,3-dihexyl-2-(phenylthio)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-3-ium iodide—A new ionic liquid for dye sensitized solar cell applications,” Journal of Molecular Liquids, vol. 193, pp. 185–188, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. K. Lal and M. D. Milton, “Synthesis of new benzimidazolium salts with tunable emission intensities and their application as fluorescent probes for Fe³⁺ in pure aqueous media,” Tetrahedron Letters, vol. 55, no. 10, pp. 1810–1814, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Bousmina, E. Essassi, R. Bouhfid, and H. Ennajih, “Surfactants pour la modification d’argile, méthode de synthèse et les nanocomposites produits,” World Intellectual Property Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2012, Brevet no. WO 2012/011793 A1.
View at: Google Scholar
OECD, OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals: Acute Oral Toxicity-Acute Toxic Class Method, OECD, Paris, France, 2011.
R. Koster, M. Anderson, and E. J. De Beer, “Acetic acid-induced analgesic screening,” Federation Proceedings, vol. 18, p. 412, 1959.
View at: Google Scholar
R. Villar, M. Laguna, J. Calleja, and I. Cadavid, “Effects of Skeletonema costatum extracts on the central nervous system,” Planta Medica, vol. 58, no. 5, pp. 398–404, 1992.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. D. Rudzik, J. B. Hester, A. H. Tang, R. N. Staw, and W. Friis, The Benzodiazepines, Raven Press, New York, NY, USA, 1973.
S. Talarek, J. Orzelska, J. Listos, A. Mazur, and S. Fidecka, “Effects of chronic flunitrazepam treatment schedule on therapy-induced sedation and motor impairment in mice,” Pharmacological Reports, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 50–58, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. K. Borowicz, K. Stepien, and S. J. Czuczwar, “Fluoxetine enhances the anticonvulsant effects of conventional antiepileptic drug in maximal electroshock seizures in mice,” Pharmacological Reports, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 83–90, 2006.
View at: Google Scholar
K. Yamada, Y. Mimaki, and Y. Sashida, “Effects of inhaling the vapor of Lavandula burnatii super-derived essential oil and linalool on plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), catecholamine and gonadotropin levels in experimental menopausal female rats,” Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 378-379, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. S. Sonovane, V. P. Sarveiya, V. S. Kasture, and S. B. Kasture, “Anxiogenic activity of Myristica fragrans seeds,” Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, vol. 71, no. 1-2, pp. 239–244, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. E. File and A. G. Wardill, “Validity of head-dipping as a measure of exploration in a modified hole-board,” Psychopharmacologia, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 53–59, 1975.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Liu, I. Margaill, S. Zhang et al., “Progesterone receptors: a key for neuroprotection in experimental stroke,” Endocrinology, vol. 153, no. 8, pp. 3747–3757, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Fréchou, S. Zhang, P. Liere et al., “Intranasal delivery of progesterone after transient ischemic stroke decreases mortality and provides neuroprotection,” Neuropharmacology, vol. 97, pp. 394–403, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Sulaiman, T. Tengku Mohamad, W. Shaik Mossadeq et al., “Antinociceptive activity of the essential oil of Zingiber zerumbet,” Planta Medica, vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 107–112, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Zellou, Y. Cherrah, M. Hassar, and E.-M. Essassi, “Synthesis and pharmacological study of 1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4-dithiones and their alkylated derivatives,” Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 169–174, 1998.
View at: Google Scholar
J. R. Boissier and P. Simon, “Anti-depressive 2-methyl-4-[(3′-dimethylamino)propylidine]-9,10-dihydrobenzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2b]furan compounds,” Therapie, vol. 18, pp. 1257–1277, 1963.
View at: Google Scholar
T. Nguema Ongone, R. Achour, M. El Ghoul et al., “Synthesis and pharmacological valorization of derivatives of 4-phenyl-1,5-benzodiazepin-2-one,” Advances in Pharmacological Sciences, vol. 2018, Article ID 6042602, 8 pages, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Boudier, P. Castagnos, E. Soussana et al., “Polyvalent catanionic vesicles: exploring the drug delivery mechanisms,” International Journal of Pharmaceutics, vol. 403, no. 1-2, pp. 230–236, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. T. Garcia, E. Campos, J. Sanchez-Leal, and I. Ribosa, “Effect of tee alkyl chain length on the anaerobic biodegradability and toxicity of quatebnary ammonium based subfactants,” Chemosphere, vol. 38, no. 15, pp. 3413–3483, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Thorsteinsson, M. Másson, K. G. Kristinsson, M. A. Hjálmarsdóttir, H. Hilmarsson, and T. Loftsson, “Soft antimicrobial agents: synthesis and activity of labile environmentally friendly long chain quaternary ammonium compounds,” Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 46, no. 19, pp. 4173–4181, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. katsuyama, H. Kuwahata, T. Yagi et al., “Intraplantar injection of linalool reduces paclitaxel-induced acute pain in mice,” Biomedical Research, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 175–181, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. Kuzmierkiewiez, H. Fox, and E. Hac, Pharmazie, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 462–464, 1985.
K. Taniguchi, S. Shigenaga, T. Ogahara, T. Fujitsu, and M. Matsuo, “Synthesis and antiinflammatory and analgesic properties of 2-amino-1H-benzimidazole and 1,2-Dihydro-2-iminocycloheptimidazole derivatives,” Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 301–309, 1993.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Merck and M. Dohme, Prescribing Information, West Point, PA, USA, 1984.
T. Nguema Ongone, R. Achour, M. El Ghoul et al., “Analgesic and antioxidant activities of 4-phenyl-1,5-benzodiazepin-2-one and its long carbon chains derivatives,” Journal of Chemistry, vol. 2019, Article ID 9043570, 7 pages, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. H. Hejazian, “Analgesic effect of essential oil (EO) from Carum copticum in mice,” World Journal of Medical Science, vol. 1, pp. 95–99, 2006.
View at: Google Scholar
V. Alagarsamy, V. Rajasolomon, R. Meena, and K. V. Ramseshu, “Synthesis, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities of some novel 2-butyl-3-substituted quinazolin-4-(3H)-ones,” Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 1091–1094, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
V. Alagarsamy, D. Shankar, and V. R. Solomon, “Synthesis of some novel 2-mercapto-3-(substitutedamino)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3H-benzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-ones as analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents,” ARKIVOC, vol. 2006, no. 16, pp. 149–159, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Gaba, P. Gaba, D. Uppal et al., “Benzimidazole derivatives: search for GI-friendly anti-inflammatory analgesic agents,” Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 337–342, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. E. Maryanoff, W. Ho, D. F. McComsey et al., “Potential anxiolytic agents. Pyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazoles: a new structural class of ligands for the benzodiazepine binding site on GABA-A receptors,” Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 16–20, 1995.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. B. Sercdcnin and M. A. Yarkova, 1995, RF patent application No. 94.022, 663, Byul. Izobret.

Copyright

Copyright © 2019 Terence Nguema Ongone et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

2098

Downloads

1659

Citations