Biotechnology Research International

Research Article

Physiochemical Characterization of Briquettes Made from Different Feedstocks

Table 2

Effect of briquetting and pelleting conditions of different feedstocks on bulk density, true density, and durability.
DensificationProcess conditionsFeedstock conditionsFeedstock bulk density kg/m3Product bulk density, kg/m3True density, kg/m3DurabilityReference
Briquetting15.7–31.4 MPa; 80–105°CSoda weed, 7–13% wb, < 10 mm172600–950NRNR[45]
Hydraulic press pelletizer55.2–552.3 bar, 50–125°CSwitchgrass, 6.5% wb, 10–70 mmNR250–720NR0.98–0.99[10]
Sprout Matador 12 press pelletizerSawdust, <3 mmNR606–6411228–12340.80–0.90[5]
Modified SPC PP300 Compact pelletizer0–2.6% steam addition, die temperature 83°CReed canary grass, 4 mm, 14–17% wb, precompacted to 269–356 kg/m3140–160600–700NR0.92–0.98[46]
Single pelletizer95°C, 30–134 MPaBarley straw, <1.9 mm, 10% wb261NR907–988NR[27]
Single pelletizer95°C, 30–134 MPaCanola straw, <1.9 mm, 10% wb273NR823–1003NR[27]
Single pelletizer95°C, 30–134 MPaOat straw, <1.9 mm, 10% wb268NR849–1011NR[27]
Single pelletizer95°C, 30–134 MPaWheat straw, <1.9 mm, 10% wb269NR813–931NR[27]
Lab-scale CPM CL-5 pellet millSteam at 118°C,Sun-cured and dehydrated alfalfa, 1.98–3.2 mm, 7–9.3%NRNR1181–13410.43–0.92[22]
Glomera extrusion press5.7–8.3 MPa, 28.9–49.4°CWheat straw, 6–25 mm, 8.1–17.8%wbNRNR10560.99[47]
Glomera extrusion press3.5–9.0 MPa, 27.8–59.4°CFlax straw, 6–25 mm, 9.4–19% wbNRNR1069–12600.99[47]
Glomera extrusion press3.1–9.6 MPa, 36.7–60°CSunflower stalk, 6–25 mm, 9–19% wbNRNR940–16200.99[47]
Lab-scale CPM CL5 pellet millSteam injectionSwitchgrass, <3.18 mm, 6.3–17% wb169.5536–7081410–14300.89–0.96[26]
Pilot-scale roll press briquetting-CS-25 compactor/briquetterSteam conditioning (25, 75, and 100°C), roll speed 1.5–2.3Corn stover, 2.4 and 4 mm, 10 and 15% wb139–160422–481NR0.67–0.90[3]
Pilot-scale roll press briquetting-CS-25 compactor/briquetterSteam conditioning (25, 75, and 100°C), roll speed 1.3–2.5Switchgrass, 2.4 and 4 mm, 10 and 15% wb,184–220351–527NR0.39–0.70[3]
Pilot-scale conventional ring-die CPM Master model 818806 pelleting machineCorn stover, 2.4 and 4 mm, 20% wb,139–160548–610NR0.94–0.95[3]
Pilot-scale conventional ring-die CPM Master model 818806 pelleting machineSwitchgrass, 4 mm, 20% wb,184–220528–570NR0.75–0.86[3]
Laboratory-scale CPM CL-5 pellet millBarely straw, 0.8–6.4 mm, 10% wb96–180NR726–10330.49–0.98[31]
Laboratory-scale CPM CL-5 pellet millCanola straw, 0.8–6.4 mm, 10% wb144–247NR742–10150.22–0.98[31]
Laboratory-scale CPM CL-5 pellet millOat straw, 0.8–6.4 mm, 10% wb111–196NR771–10020.44–0.99[31]
Laboratory-scale CPM CL-5 pellet millWheat straw, 0.8–6.4 mm, 10% wb107–203NR760–10470.52–0.98[31]
Ring-die pellet mill CPM Master model series 2000Corn stover, 3.2–6.5 mm, 10% wb50.9469–625529–8430.96–0.98[13, 23]
Ring-die pellet mill CPM Master model series 2000Wheat straw, 3.2–6.5 mm, 10% wb47.7496–649613–8520.96–0.98[13, 23]
Ring-die pellet mill CPM Master model series 2000Big bluestem, 3.2–6.5 mm, 10% wb46.6467–648517–7780.96–0.98[13, 23]
Ring-die pellet mill CPM Master model series 2000Sorghum stalk, 3.2–6.5 mm, 10% wb59.3365–479435–5600.86–0.94[13, 23]
Piston cylindercompression/densification apparatus, pressure applied through an Instron universal testing machine100 and 150 MPa, preheating temperature 25–150°CCorn stover, 2.4–4.6 mm, 7.3–15% wb103–160NR825–11620.50–0.97[21]
Piston cylindercompression/densification apparatus, pressure applied through an Instron universal testing machine100 and 150 MPa, preheating temperature 25–150°CSwitchgrass, 2.4–4.6 mm, 9.2–15.1% wb181–220NR417–10650–0.68[21]
Pellet press (SPC 300)Steam injection 2–6 kg/hFresh and 140 days stored sawdust from Scot Pine and Norway Spruce, 7.8–12.5% wbNR501–706NR0.79–0.99[48]
Ultrasonic-vibration-assisted pelletingSwitchgrass, 1 mm, 15% wbNR415–560NR0.39–0.63[49]
NR: not reported.