Review Article
Reversal Strategies for Intracranial Hemorrhage Related to Direct Oral Anticoagulant Medications
Table 2
Properties of specific reversal agents for use against the DOACs [
21,
35–
37,
39–
41].
| | Idarucizumab | Andexanet-α | Ciraparantag |
| Target | Dabigatran | Factor Xa inhibitors, LMWH, fondaparinux | Factor Xa inhibitors, LMWH, fondaparinux, heparin, and dabigatran | Compound | Humanized monoclonal antibody fragment | Modified recombinant derivative of human FXa (inactive) | Synthetic small molecule | Mechanism of action | 350x higher affinity binding to dabigatran than dabigatran-thrombin-binding affinity | “Decoy” receptor for FXa inhibitor with higher binding affinity than natural FXa | Binds to target via noncovalent hydrogen bonds and charge-charge interactions preventing anticoagulants from binding to endogenous targets | Dose | 5 g (as sequential i.v. boluses of 2.5 g each) | 210–420 mg i.v. bolus + 2 h i.v. infusion at 4–8 mg/min | 100–400 mg i.v. bolus | Onset of action | Immediate | Within 5 minutes | Within 10 minutes | Duration of reversal | 12 hours | 1-2 hours | 24 hours | Elimination | Renal | Unknown | Unknown | Clinical trial | REVERSE-AD [35, 36] | ANNEXA-A [42] ANNEXA-R [42] | Ansell et al. [43] | Developmental phase | III/approved | III | II | Storage/stability | Refrigerated/2 years | Refrigerated/2 years | Room temperature/2 years | Side effects | Injection site skin reaction and hematoma, epistaxis | Urticarial, flushing, dysgeusia, headache | Flushing, dysgeusia, headache |
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FXa = factor Xa, g = grams, i.v. = intravenous, and mg = milligram.
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