Study Study objective Year Location Study population Age, mean ± SD Population, according to sex Comments Males (%) Females (%) Males Females hs-cTnI (Abbott Diagnostics) Apple et al. [61 ] To systematically assess 2012 US 524 18-64 272 (52) 252 (48) 36 15 Reference population selection based only on health questionnaire interviews Koerbin et al. [63 ] To assess analytical characteristics and to apply the assay to a population of apparently cardiovascular disease-free people 2012 Australia 497 20-84 231 (46.5) 266 (53.5) 14 11 Reference population selection based on medical history and biomarkers Aw et al. [85 ] To determine 2013 Asia 1120 50.4 ± 8.2 597 (53.3) 523 (46.7) 32.7 17.9 Reference population selection based on: medical history Krintus et al. [27 ] To assess 2015 Europe 1769 49 776 (43.9) 993 (56.1) 27 11.4 Reference population selection based on blood donors, health questionnaires and no overt cardiovascular disease Omland et al. [86 ] To assess sex-related differences in hs-cTnI distribution across sexes 2015 Norway 8099 Males: 50.2 ± 17.1 3670 (45.3) 4429 (54.7) 34.8 [26.3-49.4] 18.7 [14.8-23.1] Reference intervals are reported for women and men without history of major cardiovascular disease or risk factor Females: 49.7 ± 16.4 Zeller et al. [87 ] To assess sex-specific 2015 Germany 4138 50 2098 (50.7) 2040 (49.3) 33.1 [28.3-45.8] 19.9 [16.1-23.9] Reference population selection based on different criteria with several subgroups reported (here the overall) 1535 (whole cohort) 57 ± 8 733 (47.6) 807 (52.4) 20 [ 11 [ Reference population selection based on: medical history and biomarkers; population stratified by age Kimenai et al. [78 ] To assess sex-specific and age-specific 2016 Netherlands 283 40-49 120 (42.4) 163 (57.6) 13 [ 12 [ 944 50-64 441 (46.7) 503 (53.3) 22 [ 9 [ 308 65-75 168 (54.5) 140 (45.6) 20 [ 13 [ Mueller et al. [80 ] To assess 2016 Austria 402 35 259 (64.4) 143 (35.6) 39.0 23.5 Reference population selection based on: no overt cardiovascular disease, eGFR > 90 ml/min Ji et al. [88 ] To assess 2016 South Korea 854 49.8 ± 10.2 426 (49.9) 428 (50.1) 20 19 Reference population selection based on clinical history and laboratory tests (eGFR, HbA1c, BNP) Li et al. [89 ] To assess 2017 China 1485 36 ± 13 731 (49.2) 754 (50.8) 31.1 22.7 Reference population selection based on: clinical history, BMI, renal function Welsh et al. [108 ] Evaluating the influence of several variables, including sex, on the 2018 Scotland 19501 35-65 8126 (41.7) 11375 (58.3) Several according to age Several according to age Reference population selection based on general population; health questionnaire; lab tests hs-cTnI (Beckman Coulter) Apple et al. [61 ] To systematically assess 2012 US 524 18-64 272 (52) 252 (48) 52 23 Reference population selection based only on health questionnaire interviews hs-cTnI (Singulex) Apple et al. [41 ] To determine 2010 US 348 18-76 147 (42.2) 201 (57.8) 16.6 9.4 Reference population selection based only on health questionnaire interviews Bossard et al. [90 ] To assess factors related to hs-cTnI levels in a healthy young population without overt cardiovascular diseases 2016 Liechtenstein 2077 36.7 975 (46.9) 1102 (53.1) 15.8 5.1 Reference population selection based on: clinical records and absence of comorbidities hs-cTnI (Siemens) Apple et al. [61 ] To systematically assess 2012 US 524 18-64 272 (52) 252 (48) 81 42 Reference population selection based only on health questionnaire interviews McKie et al. [42 ] To define hs-cTnI reference values and determinants in the general community, in a healthy reference cohort, and in subsets with diseases 2013 US 565 54 [50-61 260 (45) 305 (54) 55 [ 33 [ Reference population selection based on medical history, biomarkers and cardiac imaging
