Patterns of Circadian Variation in 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, and Sympathetic Tone Correlate with Cardiovascular Disease Risk: A Cluster Analysis

Table 2

Characteristics between the significantly associated clinical variables and cluster groups for SBP, DBP, HR, and sympathetic tone.

Variables	SBP clusters				value	DBP clusters				value
	C1 ()	C2 ()	C3 ()	C4 ()		C1 ()	C2 ()	C3 ()	C4 ()
Age, year^†					<0.001^b,c,d,e					<0.001^b,c,d,e
Male, (%)	74 (34.7)	129 (42.9)	81 (32.4)	89 (39.6)	0.057	76 (36.2)	88 (37.9)	94 (41.8)	115 (35.7)	0.505
History of smoking, (%)^†	21 (9.9)	51 (16.9)	17 (6.8)	18 (8.0)	<0.001^d,e	28 (13.3)	35 (15.1)	19 (8.4)	25 (7.8)	0.016^b,e
DM, (%)	15 (7.0)	27 (9.0)	28 (11.2)	27 (12.0)	0.194	19 (9.0)	15 (6.5)	24 (10.7)	39 (12.1)	0.211
Hypertension, (%)^†	70 (32.9)	99 (32.9)	113 (45.2)	104 (46.2)	<0.001^b,c,d,e	68 (32.4)	77 (33.2)	90 (40.0)	151 (46.9)	0.002^c,e
Dyslipidemia, (%)	36 (16.9)	61 (20.3)	59 (23.6)	57 (25.3)	0.136	34 (16.2)	50 (21.6)	47 (20.9)	82 (25.5)	0.088
Prior history of MI, (%)^†	7 (3.3)	6 (2.0)	11 (4.4)	8 (3.6)	0.450	2 (1.0)	4 (1.7)	6 (2.7)	20 (6.2)	0.002^c
CVA, (%)	6 (2.8)	1 (0.3)	5 (2.0)	3 (1.3)	0.127	6 (2.9)	0 (0.0)	2 (0.9)	7 (2.2)	0.054
BMI, kg/m^2†					0.129					0.004^b,d
T-C, mmol/L^a					0.329					0.578
HDL-C, mmol/L^a					0.322					0.674
LDL-C, mmol/L^a			2.92 ± 0.88		0.225					0.694
Triglyceride, mmol/L^†a					0.007^a,d					0.685
ApoA-I, mmol/L^b					0.167					0.629
ApoB, mmol/L^c					0.180					0.137
Variables	HR clusters				value	Sympathetic tone clusters				value
	C1 ()	C2 ()	C3 ()	C4 ()		C1 ()	C2 ()	C3 ()	C4 ()
Age, year^†					<0.001^a,b,c,e					<0.001^b,c,d,e
Male, (%)	143 (41.1)	69 (34.2)	56 (32.4)	105 (39.5)	0.156	45 (40.2)	68 (39.8)	69 (35.8)	191 (37.2)	0.810
History of smoking, (%)^†	48 (13.8)	16 (7.9)	12 (6.9)	31 (11.7)	0.016^b	8 (7.1)	20 (11.7)	23 (11.9)	56 (10.9)	0.558
DM, (%)^†	27 (7.8)	21 (10.4)	13 (7.5)	36 (13.5)	0.067	7 (6.3)	7 (4.1)	14 (7.3)	69 (13.5)	0.001^e
Hypertension, (%)^†	113 (32.5)	76 (37.6)	64 (37.0)	133 (50.0)	<0.001^c,f	35 (31.3)	57 (33.3)	83 (43.0)	211 (41.1)	0.120
Dyslipidemia, (%)^†	60 (17.2)	41 (20.3)	40 (23.1)	72 (27.1)	0.029^c	19 (17.0)	34 (19.9)	42 (21.8)	118 (23.0)	0.509
Prior history of MI, (%)	7 (2.0)	6 (3.0)	5 (2.9)	14 (5.3)	0.153	4 (3.6)	5 (2.9)	8 (4.1)	15 (2.9)	0.858
CVA, (%)	3 (0.9)	1 (0.5)	4 (2.3)	7 (2.6)	0.147	1 (0.9)	2 (1.2)	2 (1.0)	10 (1.9)	0.715
BMI, kg/m^2†					0.521					0.009^c
T-C, mmol/L^†a					0.140					0.026
HDL-C, mmol/L^†a					0.122					0.049
LDL-C, mmol/L^a					0.509					0.120
Triglyceride, mmol/L^a					0.980					0.561
ApoA-I, mmol/L^†b					0.006^f					0.909
ApoB, mmol/L^†c					0.636					0.001^e,f

Data are expressed as (%) or . values are from one-way ANOVA tests for continuous variables and chi-squared tests for categorical variables. ^†To denote the results of the Tukey posthoc test for continuous variables and Bonferroni posthoc test for categorical variables, values that are significantly different () in a row are marked with different superscript letters: ^asignificant differences between C1 and C2; ^bsignificant differences between C1 and C3; ^csignificant differences between C1 and C4; ^dsignificant differences between C2 and C3; ^esignificant differences between C2 and C4; and ^fsignificant differences between C3 and C4. ^aTo convert to milligram per deciliter, divide by 0.0259. ^bTo convert to milligram per deciliter, divide by 0.0357. ^cTo convert to milligram per deciliter, divide by 0.0019. SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate; DM: diabetes mellitus; MI: myocardial infarction; CVA: cerebrovascular accident; BMI: body mass index; T-C: total cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Apo: apolipoprotein.