Living Alone, Loneliness, and Psychological Well-Being of Older Persons in Singapore

Table 4

Logistic regression predicting depression at baseline and followup.

Source of variation	Depression at baseline (𝑁=2799)				Depression at followup (𝑁=1841)
	B	S.E	Odds ratio	𝑃	B	S.E	Odds ratio	𝑃
Base model:
Age	0.03	0.01	1.03	0.004	0.02	0.02	1.03	0.25
Gender (0 = male, 1 = female)	−0.14	0.17	0.87	0.44	−0.33	0.36	0.72	0.35
Race
Chinese	0.50	0.81	1.64	0.54	−0.58	1.13	0.56	0.61
Malay	−0.51	0.92	0.60	0.58	−0.32	1.28	0.73	0.81
Indian	0.39	0.92	1.48	0.67	−0.85	1.43	0.43	0.55
Education	−0.10	0.08	0.90	0.22	−0.02	0.17	0.98	0.90
Marital status
Single	0.45	0.33	1.57	0.17	0.86	0.61	2.35	0.16
Married	0.26	0.21	1.29	0.24	0.45	0.40	1.57	0.26
Divorced, separated	0.46	0.39	1.58	0.28	0.64	0.74	1.89	0.39
Number of medical problems	0.17	0.05	1.18	0.001	0.17	0.09	1.18	0.06
Baseline ADL	−0.04	0.04	0.97	0.08	−0.14	0.06	0.87	0.01
Baseline MMSE	−0.09	0.02	0.92	<0.001	−0.002	0.04	1.00	0.96
Social contact frequency score	0.17	0.09	1.18	0.08	0.10	0.18	1.11	0.57
Social activities score	−0.04	0.04	0.96	0.25	−0.11	0.08	0.89	0.16
Production activities score	−0.08	0.05	0.93	0.08	−0.07	0.09	0.97	0.40
Fitness activities score	0.07	0.04	1.07	0.12	−0.04	0.09	0.79	0.70
Health activities score	−0.11	0.04	0.90	0.008	−0.24	0.08	0.93	0.004
Baseline GDS	—	—	—	—	0.29	0.04	1.33	<0.001
Living alone versus with others (1,0)	0.21	0.34	1.23	0.05	0.11	0.71	1.11	0.10
Lonely versus not lonely (1,0)	0.44	0.16	1.55	0.001	0.33	0.36	1.39	0.03
Living arrangements*Loneliness	0.31	0.52	1.36	0.04	0.16	0.33	1.17	0.4