Two-step algorithm: First step: gait speed Second step: handgrip strength if gait speed >0.8 m/s. If hand grip is low, proceed to muscle mass Muscle mass measurement if gait speed ≤0.8 m/s
Assessed 5 domains: Strength, independence walking, rising from a chair, climbing stairs, and history of falls Total score is 10 points (2 for each domain) A score of ≥4 indicates a risk for sarcopenia
Grid based on age and BMI is used to generate probability of sarcopenia which can be <0.20, 0.20–0.49 and ≥0.50
To estimate probability of sarcopenia with a score chart using age, handgrip strength, and calf circumference
Sarcopenia defined as low skeletal muscle index (SMI) [ASM/height2] <1 SD below the mean SMI of young adults (20–40 years)
EWGSOP
Sarcopenia as defined by ASM and low grip strength Men: < 7.36 kg/m2 Grip strength < 30 kg Women: 5.81 kg/m2 Grip strength < 20 kg
Development model
NA
Not published in a peer-reviewed journal
Development model from NHANES, USA Aged ≥ 65 years M = 3538 F = 5272
Development model from Japanese community-dwellers Aged ≥ 65 years M = 977 F = 994
Derived from healthy subject (age 18 to 83 years), Australia
Validation study
NA
Two studies: (a) Community dwellers in Hong Kong
(b) Chinese older adults aged >65 years in various settings (i.e., community dwellers and nursing home residents)
Independent sample from patients in the University of Utah Health Care System, USA Aged ≥65 years M = 103 F = 103
Internal validation using bootstrapping procedure and final models were derived by correcting regression coefficient for over optimism
Independent sample from NWAHS and FAMAS community dwelling population adults ≥65 years M = 611 F = 375
Sensitivity (%)
NA
EWGSOP M 4.2 W 9.9 IWGS M 3.8 W 8.2 AWGS M 4.8 W 9.4
M 81.2 W 90.6
M 84.9 W 75.5
M 88.2 W 100.0
Specificity (%)
NA
EWGSOP M 98.7 W 94.4 IWGS M 99.1 W 94.6 AWGS M 98.8 W 94.2
M 66.2 W 66.2
M 88.2 W 92
M 95.5 W 83.0
PPV (%)
NA
EWGSOP M 25.8 W 14.3 IWGS M 54.8 W 25.2 AWGS M 29.0 W 8.4
M 58.5 W 54.7
M 54.4 W 72.8
M 65.2 W 29.2
NPV (%)
NA
EWGSOP M 90.8 W 91.8 IWGS M 78.4 W 82.2 AWGS M 91.0 W 94.4
M 86 W 94
M 97.2 W 93.0
M 98.8 W 100.0
BMI: body mass index; EWGSOP: European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People; IWGS: International Working Group on Sarcopenia; AWGS: Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia; FAMAS: Florey Adelaide Male Aging Study; SARC-F: slowness, independence walking, rising from chair, climbing stairs, and history of falls questionnaire; NHANES: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys; NWAHS: Northwestern Adelaide Healthy Study; PE: prediction equation; : appendicular skeletal muscle mass as measured by anthropometric prediction equation; PPV: positive predictive value; NPV: negative predictive value; M: men; W: women.
