Research Article
Hand Grip Strength and Its Sociodemographic and Health Correlates among Older Adult Men and Women (50 Years and Older) in Indonesia
Table 2
Association of hand grip strength with socio-demographic and health variables among older adults in Indonesia by sex.
| | Variables | Men | Women |
| | Socio-demographics | Unadjusted coefficient | Adjusted coefficient | Unadjusted coefficient | Adjusted coefficient | | estimates: Beta (95% CI) | estimates: Beta (95% CI) | estimates: Beta (95% CI) | estimates: Beta (95% CI) |
| | Age | | | | | | 50-59 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | | 60-69 | -4.11 (-4.51 to -3.71) | -3.22 (-3.78 to -2.66) | -2.41 (-2.70 to -2.12) | -1.81 (-2.25 to -1.35) | | 70-79 | -8.62 (-9.18 to -8.06) | -6.19 (-7.04 to -5.34) | -5.74 (-6.12 to -5.31) | -3.69 (-4.36 to -3.03) | | 80+ | -12.94 (-13.85 to -12.02) | -7.84 (-10.02 to -5.65) | -7.76 (-8.45 to -7.08) | -5.21 (-6.69 to -3.73) |
| | Education | | | | | | None | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | | Elementary | 3.30 (2.61 to 3.99) | 1.73 (0.83 to 2.62) | 2.42 (2.08 to 2.76) | -0.24 (-0.75 to 0.27) | | High school | 5.77 (5.03 to 6.51) | 1.88 (0.92 to 2.83) | 3.27 (2.83 to 3.72) | -0.38 (-0.97 to 0.22) | | Higher education | 6.07 (5.16 to 6.98) | 1.46 (0.38 to 2.54) | 4.85 (4.17 to 5.53) | 0.14 (-0.63 to 0.91) |
| | Economic background | | | | | | Poor | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | | Medium | 1.70 (1.24 to 2.16) | 0.62 (0.01 to 1.22) | 0.81 (0.47 to 1.15) | 0.19 (-0.29 to 0.67) | | Rich | 1.34 (0.80 to 1.87) | 0.40 (-0.32 to 1.13) | 1.00 (0.64 to 1.37) | 0.09 (-0.44 to 0.62) |
| | Residential status | | | | | | Rural | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | | Urban | 1.59 (1.20 to 1.99) | 0.37 (-0.18 to 0.92) | 0.52 (0.24 to 0.80) | -0.69 (-1.13 to -0.24) |
| | Region | | | | | | Sumatra | Reference | --- | Reference | Reference | | Java | -0.31 (-0.87 to 0.26) | | -0.65 (-1.06 to -0.24) | 0.05 (-0.44 to 0.54) | | Major island groups | -0.51 (-1.33 to 0.32) | | -0.58 (-1.16 to 0.01) | 0.41 (-0.14 to 0.99) |
| | Health variables | | | | |
| | Height (cms) | 0.51 (0.48 to 0.54) | 0.34 (0.30 to 0.38) | 0.33 (0.31 to 0.35) | 0.21 (0.17 to 0.26) |
| | BMI | | | | | | Normal | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | | Underweight | -4.15 (-4.72 to -3.59) | -2.43 (-3.22 to -1.64) | -2.29 (-2.72 to -1.83) | -1.70 (-2.43 to -0.99) | | Overweight or obesity | 3.07 (2.66 to 3.48) | 2.02 (1.44 to 2.61) | 3.07 (2.60 to 3.48) | 1.29 (0.86 to 1.73) |
| | Health variables | | | | |
| | Cognitive functioning (low) | -2.67 (-3.13 to -2.21) | -1.21 (-1.79 to -0.62) | -2.19 (-2.53 to -1.86) | -1.35 (-1.82 to -0.89) |
| | Self-rated health status | | | | | | Unhealthy | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | | Somewhat healthy | 2.18 (1.73 to 2.63) | 0.45 (-0.18 to 1.08) | 1.06 (0.75 to 1.37) | 0.53 (0.17 to 0.85) | | Very healthy | 3.48 (1.89 to 4.08) | 1.23 (0.40 to 2.07) | 1.34 (0.90 to 1.78) | 0.60 (0.13 to 1.06) |
| | Functional disability | | | | | | None | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | | One | -2.99 (-3.49 to -2.53) | -0.51 (-1.14 to 0.14) | -2.43 (-2.77 to -2.09) | -0.95 (-1.33 to -0.57) | | Two or more | -5.23 (-6.10 to -4.35) | -2.28 (-3.51 to -1.04) | -4.38 (-4.92 to -3.84) | -1.49 (-2.22 to -0.75) |
| | Chronic conditions | | | | | | None | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | | One | -0.35 (-0.82 to 0.13) | -0.24 (-0.86 to 0.38) | 0.37 (0.04 to 0.70) | 0.23 (-0.24 to 0.70) | | Two or more | -1.16 (-1.71 to -0.60) | -1.12 (-1.64 to -0.61) | 0.16 (-0.20 to 0.51) | -0.004 (-0.51 to 0.50) |
| | Severe depressive symptoms | -2.20 (-3.10 to 1.30) | -1.55 (-2.65 to -0.45) | -1.11 (-1.71 to -0.51) | -0.18 (-1.07 to 0.71) |
| | Moderate sleep disturbance | -0.65 (-1.25 to -0.06) | 0.47 (-0.24 to 1.20) | -0.54 (-0.93 to -0.15) | -0.04 (-0.51 to 0.51) |
| | Moderate sleep impairment | -1.76 (-2.35 to -1.16) | -0.75 (-1.32 to -0.18) | -0.99 (-1.38 to -0.60) | -0.31 (-0.86 tp 0.24) |
| | Low physical activity | -0.57 (-0.98 to -0.17) | -0.40 (-0.92 to 0.13) | -0.93 (-1.22 -0.65) | -0.40 (-0.79 to 0.002) |
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