<i  >Background</i>. To evaluate the effect of rosiglitazone, fenofibrate, or their combined use on plasma lipids in normoglycemic healthy adults. <i  >Methods and Results</i>. Subjects were randomized in a double-blind fashion to rosiglitazone + placebo, fenofibrate + placebo, rosiglitazone + fenofibrate, or matching double placebo. The between-group difference in the change in fasting TG, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL-C, and plasma apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, and C-III level were compared after 12 weeks of treatment. A total of 548 subjects were screened and 41 met the inclusion criteria. After 12 weeks of therapy, the median change in the triglyceride levels showed a significant reduction ranging from 47 to 55&#x2009;mg per deciliter in the fenofibrate only and rosiglitazone/fenofibrate groups compared with placebo (<svg style="vertical-align:-0.27588pt;width:71.775002px;" id="M1" height="11.1625" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 71.775002 11.1625" width="71.775002"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.1625)">
		<g transform="translate(72,-63.07)">
			<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.4)">
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">𝑃</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0">=</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0">0</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.182001" y="0">.</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0">0</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.559254" y="0">4</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.810753" y="0">9</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.062252" y="0">6</tspan>
			</text>

		</g>
	</g>
</svg>). However, the rosiglitazone only group did not show significant change in triglyceride level. The change in the Apo AII showed increase in all the treatment groups compared with placebo (<svg style="vertical-align:-0.27588pt;width:63.962502px;" id="M2" height="11.0375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 63.962502 11.0375" width="63.962502"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0375)">
		<g transform="translate(72,-63.17)">
			<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)">
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">𝑃</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0">=</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0">0</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.182001" y="0">.</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0">0</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.559254" y="0">0</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.810753" y="0">9</tspan>
			</text>

		</g>
	</g>
</svg>). There was also significant change in the Apo CIII that showed reduction of its level in the fenofibrate only and rosiglitazone/fenofibrate groups (<svg style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:71.775002px;" id="M3" height="10.9125" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 71.775002 10.9125" width="71.775002"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)">
		<g transform="translate(72,-63.27)">
			<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)">
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">𝑃</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0">=</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0">0</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.182001" y="0">.</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0">0</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.559254" y="0">0</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.810753" y="0">0</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="51.062252" y="0">3</tspan>
			</text>

		</g>
	</g>
</svg>). <i  >Conclusion</i>. Rosiglitazone does not appear to modulate hypertriglyceridemia in patients with elevated triglycerides independent of glucose metabolism.

Ahmad Slim

Laudino Castillo-Rojas

Eddie Hulten

Jennifer N. Slim

Dorette Pearce Moore

Todd C. Villines

Rosiglitazone and Fenofibrate Additive Effects on Lipids

Bile-salt activated carboxylic ester lipase (CEL) is a major triglyceride, cholesterol ester and vitamin ester hydrolytic enzyme contained within pancreatic and lactating mammary gland secretions. Bioinformatic methods were used to predict the amino acid sequences, secondary and tertiary structures and gene locations for <i>CEL</i> genes, and encoded proteins using data from several vertebrate genome projects. A proline-rich and O-glycosylated 11-amino acid C-terminal repeat sequence (VNTR) previously reported for human and other higher primate CEL proteins was also observed for other eutherian mammalian CEL sequences examined. In contrast, opossum CEL contained a single C-terminal copy of this sequence whereas CEL proteins from platypus, chicken, lizard, frog and several fish species lacked the VNTR sequence. Vertebrate <i>CEL</i> genes contained 11 coding exons. Evidence is presented for tandem duplicated <i>CEL</i> genes for the zebrafish genome. Vertebrate CEL protein subunits shared 53–97% sequence identities; demonstrated sequence alignments and identities for key CEL amino acid residues; and conservation of predicted secondary and tertiary structures with those previously reported for human CEL. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated the relationships and potential evolutionary origins of the vertebrate <i>CEL</i> family of genes which were related to a nematode carboxylesterase (<i>CES</i>) gene and five mammalian <i>CES</i> gene families.

Roger S. Holmes

Laura A. Cox

Comparative Structures and Evolution of Vertebrate Carboxyl Ester Lipase (<i>CEL</i>) Genes and Proteins with a Major Role in Reverse Cholesterol Transport

We used the dataset from one medical center in Taiwan to explore the prevalence of dyslipidemia, which included 2695 subjects receiving private health checkups in 2003-2004. The overall prevalence of hypercholesterolemia was 53.3&#x25; in men and 48.2&#x25; in women (<svg style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:63.962502px;" id="M1" height="10.9125" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 63.962502 10.9125" width="63.962502"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)">
		<g transform="translate(72,-63.27)">
			<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)">
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">𝑃</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0">=</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0">0</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.182001" y="0">.</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0">0</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.559254" y="0">0</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.810753" y="0">8</tspan>
			</text>

		</g>
	</g>
</svg>). The overall prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia was 29.3&#x25; in men and 13.7&#x25; in women (<svg style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:63.962502px;" id="M2" height="11.0625" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 63.962502 11.0625" width="63.962502"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0625)">
		<g transform="translate(72,-63.15)">
			<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)">
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">𝑃</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0">&lt;</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0">0</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.182001" y="0">.</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0">0</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.559254" y="0">0</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.810753" y="0">1</tspan>
			</text>

		</g>
	</g>
</svg>). The overall prevalence of elevated LDL level was 50.7&#x25; in men and 37.9&#x25; in women (<svg style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:63.962502px;" id="M3" height="11.0625" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 63.962502 11.0625" width="63.962502"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.0625)">
		<g transform="translate(72,-63.15)">
			<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)">
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">𝑃</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0">&lt;</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0">0</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.182001" y="0">.</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0">0</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.559254" y="0">0</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.810753" y="0">1</tspan>
			</text>

		</g>
	</g>
</svg>). The overall prevalence of low HDL level was 47.4&#x25; in men and 53&#x25; in women (<svg style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:63.962502px;" id="M4" height="10.9125" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 63.962502 10.9125" width="63.962502"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.9125)">
		<g transform="translate(72,-63.27)">
			<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,63.5)">
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">𝑃</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="10.890113" y="0">=</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0">0</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="29.182001" y="0">.</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0">0</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="38.559254" y="0">0</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="44.810753" y="0">4</tspan>
			</text>

		</g>
	</g>
</svg>).

Kao-Chi Cheng

Yu-Lung Chen

Shih-Wei Lai

Prevalence of Dyslipidemia in Patients Receiving Health Checkups:  A Hospital-Based Study

Dysfunctional lipid metabolism plays a central role in pathogenesis of major chronic diseases, and genetic factors are important determinants of individual lipid profiles. We analyzed the associations of two well-established functional polymorphisms (<i>FABP2</i> A54T and <i>APOE</i> isoforms) with past and family histories of 1492 population samples. <i>FABP2-T54</i> allele was associated with an increased risk of past history of myocardial infarction (odds ratio (OR) = 1.51). Likewise, the subjects with <i>APOE4</i>, compared with <i>E2</i> and <i>E3</i>, had a significantly increased risk of past history myocardial infarction (OR = 1.89). The OR associated with <i>APOE4</i> was specifically increased in women for past history of myocardial infarction but decreased for gallstone disease. Interactions between gender and <i>APOE</i> isoforms were also significant or marginally significant for these two conditions. <i>FABP2-T54</i> allele may be a potential genetic marker for myocardial infarction, and <i>APOE4</i> may exert sex-dependent effects on myocardial infarction and gallbladder disease.

Ikuko Kato

Susan Land

Jill Barnholtz-Sloan

Richard K. Severson

APOE and FABP2 Polymorphisms and History of Myocardial Infarction, Stroke, Diabetes, and Gallbladder Disease

<i  >Background</i>. Metabolic syndrome (MS) is characterised by a constellation of individual risk factors of cardiovascular disease. <i  >Materials and Methods</i>. The current study was a population-based survey of cohort of subjects in the metropolitan city of Mumbai. A total of 548 subjects, who attended the CARDIAC evaluation camp, were recruited in the study. Participants with complete fasting lipid profiles, blood glucose, and known cardiac risk markers were evaluated. <i  >Results</i>. On applying modified NCEP ATP III, we found out that nearly <svg style="vertical-align:-0.2475pt;width:24.6px;" id="M1" height="10.325" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 24.6 10.325" width="24.6"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)">
		<g transform="translate(72,-63.74)">
			<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.04)">
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="0" y="0">9</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="5.6040001" y="0">5</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="11.208" y="0">%</tspan>
			</text>

		</g>
	</g>
</svg> of the subjects had at least one abnormal parameter. We found the prevalence of MS in our study population to be <svg style="vertical-align:-0.2475pt;width:42.112499px;" id="M2" height="10.325" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 42.112499 10.325" width="42.112499"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)">
		<g transform="translate(72,-63.74)">
			<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.04)">
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="0" y="0">1</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="5.6040001" y="0">9</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="11.208" y="0">.</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="14.01" y="0">5</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="19.614" y="0">2</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="25.218" y="0">%</tspan>
			</text>

		</g>
	</g>
</svg>. The prevalence of MS in males was almost double than females (<svg style="vertical-align:-0.1575pt;width:50.349998px;" id="M3" height="9.7875004" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 50.349998 9.7875004" width="50.349998"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.7875)">
		<g transform="translate(72,-64.17)">
			<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.37)">
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="0" y="0">𝑃</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="9.7621679" y="0">=</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="20.555471" y="0">.</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="23.357471" y="0">0</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="28.961472" y="0">0</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="34.565472" y="0">8</tspan>
			</text>

		</g>
	</g>
</svg>). The overall prevalence of BMI (&#x3e;23&#x2009;kg/m<sup  >2</sup>) was <svg style="vertical-align:-0.2475pt;width:42.112499px;" id="M4" height="10.325" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 42.112499 10.325" width="42.112499"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,10.325)">
		<g transform="translate(72,-63.74)">
			<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.04)">
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="0" y="0">7</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="5.6040001" y="0">9</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="11.208" y="0">.</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="14.01" y="0">0</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="19.614" y="0">1</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="25.218" y="0">%</tspan>
			</text>

		</g>
	</g>
</svg>. Increased hypertriglyceridemia and decreased levels of HDL-C were found to be more in males (<svg style="vertical-align:-0.27pt;width:57.349998px;" id="M5" height="9.9375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 57.349998 9.9375" width="57.349998"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.9375)">
		<g transform="translate(72,-64.05)">
			<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,64.37)">
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="0" y="0">𝑃</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="9.7621679" y="0">&lt;</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="20.555471" y="0">.</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="23.357471" y="0">0</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="28.961472" y="0">0</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="34.565472" y="0">0</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 11.21px; " x="40.169472" y="0">1</tspan>
			</text>

		</g>
	</g>
</svg>). <i  >Conclusion</i>. The low percentage of subjects with normal and controlled parameters suggests that there is a need for awareness programs and lifestyle interventions for the prevention and control of MS.

Apurva Sawant

Ranjit Mankeshwar

Swarup Shah

Rani Raghavan

Gargi Dhongde

Himanshu Raje

Shoba D&#39;souza

Aarti Subramanium

Pradnya Dhairyawan

Seema Todur

Tester F. Ashavaid

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Urban India

Methotrexate is a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug commonly used to treat inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis which itself is linked to increased cardiovascular risk. Treatments that target inflammation may also impact the cardiovascular system. While methotrexate improves cardiovascular risk, inhibition of the cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 enzyme promotes atherosclerosis. These opposing cardiovascular influences may arise from differing effects on the expression of proteins involved in cholesterol homeostasis. These proteins, ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC) A1 and cholesterol 27-hydroxylase, facilitate cellular cholesterol efflux and defend against cholesterol overload. Methotrexate upregulates expression of cholesterol 27-hydroxylase and ABCA1 via adenosine release, while COX-2 inhibition downregulates these proteins.  Adenosine, acting through the A<sub>2A</sub> and A<sub>3</sub> receptors, may upregulate proteins involved in reverse cholesterol transport by cAMP-PKA-CREB activation and STAT inhibition, respectively. Elucidating underlying cardiovascular mechanisms of these drugs provides a framework for developing novel cardioprotective anti-inflammatory medications, such as selective A<sub>2A</sub> receptor agonists.

Eric Coomes

Edwin S. L. Chan

Allison B. Reiss

Methotrexate in Atherogenesis and Cholesterol Metabolism


		Cholesterol has long been recognized for its versatile roles in influencing the biophysical properties of cell membranes and for serving as a precursor of steroid hormones. While many aspects of cholesterol biosynthesis are well understood, little is currently known about the molecular mechanisms of cholesterol metabolism and homeostasis. Recently, genetic approaches in the fruit fly, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>, have been successfully used for the analysis of molecular mechanisms that regulate cholesterol metabolism and homeostasis. This paper summarizes the recent studies on genes that regulate cholesterol metabolism and homeostasis, including <i>neverland</i>, <i>Niemann Pick type C(NPC) disease</i> genes, and <i>DHR96</i>.

Ryusuke Niwa

Yuko S. Niwa

The Fruit Fly <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> as a Model System to Study Cholesterol Metabolism and Homeostasis

SR-BI is a cell surface HDL receptor that mediates selective uptake of the lipid cargo of HDL, an important process in hepatocytes, driving reverse cholesterol transport from cells in the artery wall.  To facilitate examination of factors that modulate SR-BI activity in hepatocytes, we have generated fluorescent protein-tagged versions of SR-BI that allow for facile monitoring of SR-BI protein levels and distribution in transfected cells. We show that deletion of the C-terminal cytosolic tail does not affect the distribution of SR-BI in HepG2 cells, nor is the C-terminal cytosolic tail required for SR-BI-mediated uptake of HDL lipids. We also demonstrate that the phorbol ester, PMA, increased, while protein kinase C inhibitors reduced SR-BI-mediated HDL lipid uptake in HepG2 cells. These data suggest that protein kinase C may modulate selective uptake of HDL lipids including cholesterol in hepatocytes, thereby influencing hepatic HDL cholesterol clearance and reverse cholesterol transport.

Rachelle Brunet

Maxine How

Bernardo L. Trigatti

Modulators of Protein Kinase C Affect SR-BI-Dependent HDL Lipid Uptake in Transfected HepG2 Cells

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is one of the major carriers of cholesterol in the blood. It attracts particular attention because, in contrast with other lipoproteins, as many physiological functions of HDL influence the cardiovascular system in favourable ways unless HDL is modified pathologically. The functions of HDL that have recently attracted attention include anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. High anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of HDL are associated with protection from cardiovascular disease. Atheroprotective activities, as well as a functional deficiency of HDL, ultimately depend on the protein and lipid composition of HDL. Further, numerous epidemiological studies have shown a protective association between HDL-cholesterol and cognitive impairment. Oxidative stress, including lipid peroxidation, has been shown to be the mediator of the pathologic effects of numerous risk factors of Alzheimer's disease. Lifestyle interventions proven to increase HDL- cholesterol levels including &#x201c;healthy&#x201d; diet, regular exercise, weight control, and smoking cessation have also been shown to provide neuro-protective effects. This review will focus on current knowledge of the beneficial effects of HDL-cholesterol as it relates to cardiovascular diseases, breast and lung cancers, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, as well as its neuroprotective potential in reducing the risk of Alzheimer's disease and dementia.

Donovan McGrowder

Cliff Riley

Errol Y. St. A. Morrison

Lorenzo Gordon

The Role of High-Density Lipoproteins in Reducing the Risk of Vascular Diseases, Neurogenerative Disorders, and Cancer

This paper investigates the effects of very-low-calorie diets (VLCDs) used in the treatment of obesity on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. Although the studies varied widely in their intervention format, duration, and baseline HDL levels, it would appear that HDL levels usually decrease during active weight loss using a VLCD, but these either return to pre-VLCD levels or improve overall during the weight-maintenance phase. More research needs to be done to determine optimal weight-maintenance programmes and the effects of VLCDs in the short term as well as on HDL levels in groups at increased risk of coronary heart disease.

Catherine Rolland

Iain Broom

The Effects of Very-Low-Calorie Diets on HDL: A Review

The level of high-density lipoprotein is thought to be critical in inhibiting lesion formation as well as reducing the lipid load of preexisting atherosclerotic lesions. With the aim of determining the main determinants of plasma HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c) in free-living adults, 997 individuals (52.3 ± 10 years, 67% females) were selected for a descriptive cross-sectional study. The used data corresponded to the baseline obtained from participants clinically selected for a lifestyle modification program. Covariables of clinical, anthropometry, food intake, aerobic fitness, and plasma biochemistry were analyzed against plasma HDL-c either as continuous or categorized variables. After adjustments for age, gender, and BMI the excess of abdominal fat along with high carbohydrate-energy intake and altered plasma triglycerides were the stronger predictors of reduced plasma HDL-c. In conclusion lifestyle interventions aiming to normalize abdominal fatness and plasma triglycerides are recommended to restore normal levels of HDL-c in these free-living adults.

Erick Prado de Oliveira

Rodrigo Minoru Manda

Gabriel Augusto Torezan

José Eduardo Corrente

Roberto Carlos Burini

Dietary, Anthropometric, and Biochemical Determinants of Plasma High-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol in Free-Living Adults

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is a major carrier of cholesterol in the blood. Unlike other lipoproteins, physiological functions of HDL influence the cardiovascular system in favorable ways except when HDL is modified pathologically. The cardioprotective mechanism of HDL is mainly based on reverse cholesterol transport, but there has been an emerging interest in the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant roles of HDL. These latter activities of HDL are compromised in many pathological states associated with inflammation. Further, abnormal HDL can become proinflammatory contributing to oxidative damage. In this paper, we discuss the functional heterogeneity of HDL, how alterations in these particles in inflammatory states result in loss of both antioxidant activity and reverse cholesterol transport in relation to atherosclerosis, and the need for assays to predict its functionality.

Hima Bindu G

Veena S. Rao

Vijay V. Kakkar

Friend Turns Foe: Transformation of Anti-Inflammatory HDL to Proinflammatory  HDL during  Acute-Phase Response

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Do you think there is an emerging area of research that really needs to be highlighted? Or an existing research area that has been overlooked or would benefit from deeper investigation? Raise the profile of a research area by leading a Special Issue.

Cholesterol