Lipoprotein(a): Cellular Effects and Molecular Mechanisms

Table 1

Lp(a) subunits responsible for cellular effects.

Process	LDL-apoB-100	Apo(a)	Region	References
Thrombosis
(i) Platelet aggregation	√	√		[11–17]
(ii) ↑ tissue factor pathway	—	√		[19–21]
(iii) ↓ plasminogen activation	—	√	KIV type 10, KV	[8, 20, 23–28]
(iv) ↓ TGF𝛽 activation	×	√	KIV type 9	[34–37]
(v) ↓ TGF𝛽 production	—	√	KIV type 10, KV	[37]
Inflammation
(i) Oxidised phospholipids	×	√	KV	[44–46]
(ii) ↑ monocyte migration	√	√		[19, 51, 53]
(iii) ↑ monocyte adhesion	×	√	KIV type 10	[19]
Vascular remodelling
(i) ↑ SMC proliferation	√	√	KIV type 9	[35, 36, 58, 62]
(ii) ↑ SMC migration	—	√	KIV type 9	[36]
(iii) ↑ EC proliferation	√	√	KIV type 10, KV	[37, 64, 65]
(iv) ↑ EC migration	√	√	KIV type 10, KV	[37, 65]
(v) ↑ EC contraction	—	√	KIV type 10	[70]

For detailed information, see main body of text and highlighted references. Key: √ = positive for effect, × = negative for effect, — = not tested.