Functionally Defective High-Density Lipoprotein and Paraoxonase: A Couple for Endothelial Dysfunction in Atherosclerosis

Table 3

Serum PON1 enzyme activity and concentration have also been shown to be modulated by lifestyle and dietary factors.

Modulators (dietary and lifestyle)	*
Exercise [31, 32]	↑
Olive oil consumption [33, 34]	↑
Green tea consumption [34]	↑
Pomegranate juice [35, 36]	↑
Meal frequency [37]	↓
Fasting [38, 39]	↑
High fat diet [40]	↓
Hormone replacement [41]	↑
Mediterranean diet [42]	↑
Soy isoflavones [43]	↑
Beta-carotene [44]	↑
Light ethanol drinkers	↑
Heavy ethanol drinkers [45]	↓

 *PON1 activation and concentration.