The Impact of Egg Nutrient Composition and Its Consumption on Cholesterol Homeostasis

Table 2

Possible factors influencing intestinal cholesterol absorption.

Factors	Influencing	Research method	References
(A) Dietary Factors
↑  Cholesterol	(-)	Mouse feeding studies	Duan 2004 [64]
Fat
↑  Stearic Acid	↓	Rat feeding studies	Kelley 1978 [65]; Vahouny 1988 [66]
↑  MUFAs	↓	African green monkey feeding studies	Johnson 1985 [67]
↑  ω-3 PUFAs	↓	African green monkey feeding studies; Caco-2 cells	Johnson 1985 [67]; Fang 2018 [44]
↑  Fish Oil	↓	Rat feeding studies	Chen 1987 [68]
↑  Cellulose	↓	Hamster feeding studies	Turley 1994 [69]
↑  Phytosterols	↓	Human intervention (see table in reference)	Nguyen 1999 [70]
↑  Soluble Fibers	↓	Rat and hamster feeding studies	Feldman 1979 [71]; Schneider 2000 [72]
↑  Ezetimibe	↓	Human and hamster feeding studies	Rosenblum 1998 [73]; Davis 2004 [53]
↑   Sphingomyelin	↓	Mouse feeding studies	Eckhardt 2002 [74]
(B) Bile acid factor
↓  Bile acid output	↓	Cyp7a1(-/-) mice	Schwarz 2001 [55]
↓  Bile acid/salt pool size	↓	Cyp7a1(-/-) mice	Schwarz 2001 [55]
↓  Bile acid phospholipid output	↓	Abcb4(-/-) mice	Wang 1998 [54]
↑  Bile acid cholesterol output	↑	Various mouse strains	Wang 2001 [60]
↑  Cholesterol content in bile salts	↑	Various mouse strains	Wang 2001 [60]
↑  Hydrophobic bile salt	↑	Mouse feeding studies	Wang 2003 [57]
↑  Hydrophilic bile salt	↓	Mouse feeding studies	Wang 2003 [57]
(C) Genetic factors
↓  ACAT2	↓	Inhibitor in mice; Acat2(-/-) mice	Buhman 2000 [75]; Clark 1984 [76]
↓  HMG-CoA R	↓	Inhibitor in human and mice	Hajri 1995 [77]; Vanhanen 1992 [78]
↓  ABCA1	↓; ↑	Abca1 (-/-) mice	McNeish 2000 [79]; Drobnik 2001 [80]
↓  ABCG5 and ABCG8	↑	Abcg5/g8(-/-)mice	Yu 2002 [81]
↓  NPC1L1	↓	Npc1/1(-/-) mice; Inhibitor in mice	Altmann 2004 [82]; Davis 2004 [53]
↓  SR-BI	(-)	Sr-b1 (-/-) mice	Mardones 2001[83];
↑  SR-BI	↑	Overexpression in CHO cells	Altmann 2002 [84];
↑  SR-BI	↓	Hepatic overexpression in mice	Sehayek 1998 [85]
↓  Caveolin1	(-)	Cav1 (-/-) mice	Valasek 2005 [86]
↓  MTP	↓	Inhibitor in human	Samaha 2008 [87]; Cuchel 2007 [88]
↓  APO-B48	↓	ApoB48 (-/-) mice; Apo-B100-only mice	Young 1995 [89]; Wang 2005 [90]
↑  LXRs	↓	Agonist in human	Repa 2000 [91]
↑  FXR	↓	Agonist in human	Repa 2000 [91]
↑  RXRα	↓	Agonist in mice	Repa 2000 [91]
↑  PPARα	↓	Pparα (-/-) and agonist in mice	Knight 2003 [92]
↑  PPARδ	↓	Agonist in mice	Van Der Veen 2005 [92]
(D) Intestinal lumen factor
↑  Small intestine transit time	↑	Cck-1 receptor (-/-) mice	Wang 2004 [59]
↑  Gastric emptying time	↑	Various of mouse strains	Kirby 2004 [93]
↓  MUC1	↓	Muc1 (-/-) mice	Wang 2004 [59]
↓  CEL	(-); ↓	Cel (-/-) mice; Cel (-/-) mice	Kirby 2002 [94]; Weng 1999 [95]
↓  PTL	↓	Ptl (-/-) mice	Huggins 2003 [96]

Table 2 is modified from Wang 2005 [90] with supplement. Abbreviations: MUFAs, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFAs, polyunsaturated fatty acids; CYP7a1, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase; ABC, ATP-binding cassette (transporter); ACAT2, acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase, isoform 2; HMG-CoA R, HMG-CoA reductase; NPC1L1, Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1; SR-BI, scavenger receptor class B member I; MTP, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein; APO, apolipoprotein; LXR, liver X receptor; FXR, farnesoid X receptor; RXR, retinoid X receptor; PPAR, peroxisomal proliferator activated receptor; CCK, cholecystokinin; MUC, mucin gene; CEL, carboxyl ester lipase; PTL, pancreatic triglyceride lipase; ↑ increase, ↓ decrease, (-) no influence. Contradictory result from different research groups.