The Impact of Egg Nutrient Composition and Its Consumption on Cholesterol Homeostasis

Table 3

Epidemiological and human intervention studies on the effect of dietary egg intake and CVD risks.

(a) Prospective studies

Reference	Participants		Age	Follow-up (years)	Outcome	Result
	Male	Female
Bernstein 2011 [178]	43,150	84,010	30-75	26	Incident stroke	(-)
Burke; 2007 [205]	256	258	15-88	14	CHD, mortality	↑
Dawber 1982 [185]	912		30-59	24	Incident CHD and blood cholesterol level	(-)
Djoussé 2008 [197]	21,327	0	40-85	20	Incident MI and stroke	(-)
					Mortality	↑
Goldberg 2014 [206]	572	857	57-75	11	Incident stroke	(-)
					Carotid atherosclerosis	↓
Haring 2014 [207]	12,066		45-64	22	Incident CHD	(-)
Houston 2011 [208]	864	1077	70-79	9	Incident CVD	↑ especially in diabetic people
Hu; 1999 [12]	37,851	80,082	34-75	14	Incident stroke and CHD	(-) while in diabetic people may have ↑ effect
Mann; 1997 [209]	4,102	6,700	16-79	13.3	Ischemic heart disease mortality	↑
Nakamura 2004 [195]	5,186	4,077	30-70	14	Stroke and CHD mortality	↑ in women
Nakamura 2006 [14]	43,319	47,416	40-69	10.2	Incident CHD	(-)
Qureshi 2006 [13]	3,756	5,978	25-74	15.9	All stroke, CAD	(-) while in diabetic people may have ↑ effect
Sauvaget 2003 [210]	15,350	24,999	34-103	16	Stroke mortality	(-)
Scrafford 2011 [196]	14,946		>17	8.8	CHD and Stroke mortality	(-)
Zazpe; 2011 [45]	6,170	8,015	20-90	5.8	Incident CVD	(-)
Voutilainen 2013 [198]	1,019	0	51.9 (Mean)	18.8	Carotid atherosclerosis, incident MI	(-)
Pang; 2017 [211]	8,131	8,463	>60	N/A	Serum LDL and total cholesterol	↑
Spence 2012 [212]	669	593	46-77	N/A	Carotid plaque area	↑
Trichopoulou 2006 [126]	424	589	50-80 (Adult diabetics)	4.5 (mean)	Mortality	↑

(b) Human intervention

Reference	Participants		Age	Intervention time (weeks)	Intervention method	Outcome	Result
	Male	Female
Missimer 2017 [124]	24	26	18-30	11	2 eggs/day vs. oatmeal	Serum LDL and HDL	↑
						Serum LDL/HDL	(-)
						Serum ghrelin	↑ satiety
Lemos 2018 [20]	16	14	18-20	13	3 eggs/day vs. choline bitartrate supplement	Serum LDL and HDL	↑
						Serum LDL/HDL	(-)
						SREBPs and HMG-CoA reductase level	↓ cholesterol biosynthesis
Herron 2002 [125]	0	51	18-49 (pre-menopausal)	11	1 egg/day vs.; 0 egg/day	Serum LDL and HDL	↑
						Serum LDL/HDL	(-)
						CETP level	↑ reverse cholesterol transport
Herron 2003 [126]	40	0	18-57	11	1 egg/day vs.; 0 egg/day	Serum LDL and HDL	↑
						Serum LDL/HDL	↑ only in hyper-responders
						CETP, LCAT level	↑ reverse cholesterol transport
Mutungi 2008 [199]	28	0	40-70 (overweight/obese)	12	CRD: 3 eggs/day vs. SUB	Serum LDL/HDL	(-)
						Serum HDL	↑
Greene 2005 [200]	13	29	>60	11	3 eggs/day vs. SUB	Serum LDL and HDL	↑
						Serum LDL/HDL	(-)
Ballesteros 2004 [123]	25	29	8-12	11	2 eggs/day vs. SUB	Serum LDL/HDL	(-)
Knopp 2003 [132]	78	119	43-67	4	0, 2 and 4 eggs/day	Serum LDL and HDL	↑
Knopp 1997 [131]	86	45	41-68 (HC or HL)	12	2 eggs/day vs. SUB	Serum LDL	↑ in HC
						Serum HDL	↑ in both HL and HC

Abbreviations: CHD, coronary heart disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; MI, myocardial infarction; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; SREBP, sterol regulatory element-binding protein; CETP, cholesteryl ester transfer protein; LCAT, lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase; CRD, Carbohydrate-restricted diets; SUB, cholesterol-free, fat-free egg substitute; HC, hypercholesterolemia; HL, hyperlipidemia; ↑ increase, ↓ decrease, (-) no influence. Intervention time contain a 3-weeks washout time within the intervention period; hyperresponders: increase in total cholesterol of ≥0.06 mmol/L for each additional 100 mg of dietary cholesterol consumed.