Research on WNN Modeling for Gold Price Forecasting Based on Improved Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm

Table 1

Benchmark functions together with optimums and optimal solutions.

Test function	Ranges	Optimum	Optimal solution
𝑓1(𝑥)=∑^dim𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖)^2	[−100,100]^dim	0	[0,0,…,0]^dim
𝑓2(𝑥)=−∑^dim𝑖=1𝑥𝑖sin(𝑥𝑖)	[−500,500]^dim	−418.9829⋅dim	[420.96,420.96,…,420.96]^dim
𝑓3(𝑥)=∑^dim𝑖=1𝑥𝑖−1^2−10cos2𝜋𝑥𝑖−1+10	[−5.12,5.12]^dim	0	[1,1,…,1]^dim
𝑓4(𝑥)=−20exp−0.21dim^dim𝑖∑=1𝑥𝑖1−expdim^dim𝑖∑=1cos2𝜋𝑥𝑖+20+𝑒	[−32,32]^dim	0	[0,0,…,0]^dim
𝑓5(1𝑥)=∑4000^dim𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖)^2−∏^dim𝑖=1𝑥cos^𝑖√𝑖+1	[−600,600]^dim	0	[0,0,…,0]^dim