Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience / 2016 / Article / Tab 1 / Review Article
Low Cost Eye Tracking: The Current Panorama Table 1 Summary and results of all the techniques analyzed in this work. Methods are grouped into categories for easier reference. HP column shows whether the technique has head pose invariance or not. Techniques allowing small head movements are denoted by
symbol. Output column shows what type of gaze is calculated: point of gaze (
) or line of gaze (
).
Feature Mapping Calibration HP Dataset Output Accuracy References Comments Appearance-based — NN Grid — — 1.5–4 [16 , 35 , 42 –44 ] — GP Grid — [98 ] [9 ] — GP Grid — n/a [37 , 53 ] Rigorous calib. for HP — LLI Grid — — [38 ] IR to locate eye — LLI Grid — — [45 ] — LLI Grid + HP ✓ — 2.2–2.5 [7 , 29 , 48 , 49 ] 0.85° error with fixed HP — LLI Grid ✓ — [8 ] — LLI — ✓ — 3–5 [46 , 47 ] Incremental calibration — LLI Grid ✓ [99 ] [51 ] 8 cameras — LLI — — — 3.5–4.3 [10 , 50 ] Saliency for calibration Feature-based PC-EC GP Grid — — [20 , 54 ] PC-EC LI Grid — — [22 ] PC-EC LI Grid — — n/a [24 , 55 ] PC-EC PI Grid — — [39 ] 3° without chin rest PC-EC LI Grid ✓ — 2–5 [56 ] PC-EC PI Grid — — [57 ] PC-EC PI Grid ✓ — [18 ] 1.2° error with fixed HP Several NN Grid — — 1-2 [23 , 58 ] Several NN Grid ✓ — 2–7 [21 ] Few tests EC shift n/a Grid — — [59 ] EC shift LI — — — [60 ] Hand-coded params. GC-CM LI Grid — — [62 ] Several LI Grid — — [17 ] Edge energy
S3 GP Grid — — [14 ] Intensity ALR Grid — [28 , 63 ] 8D or 15D feats. Intensity RR Grid — — [31 ] 120D feats. HOG SVR/RVR Grid — — [26 ] Several NN Grid — — [36 ] Dim. reduced to 50 CS-LBP
S3 GP Grid — — [11 ] Partially labelled data Several Several Grid — [100 ] [66 ] Dim. reduced to 16 Several Several Grid ✓ [101 ] [67 ] CNN Several Continuous ✓ [68 ] ~6 [13 ] Calib. from dataset Segmentation GP Grid — — [30 ] Model Calibration HP Dataset Output Accuracy References Comments Model-based Iris contour Camera ✓ — [32 , 70 ] One-circle alg. Iris contour Grid ✓ — [71 , 72 ] Iris contour — ✓ — n/a [73 ] Two-circle alg. Iris contour Camera — — n/a [74 ] Iris contour Camera — — [75 ] Error for single dir. Iris contour Grid ✓ — [76 ] Iris contour Grid ✓ — [77 ] Iris contour Grid ✓ — [12 ] Eyeball Grid ✓ — [34 ] Calib. personal params. Eyeball Grid — — [40 ] PF tracking Eyeball ✓ — ~2 [78 ] Error for single dir. Eyeball Grid ✓ — [33 ] Eyeball — ✓ — [19 , 79 ] Autocalibration Eyeball Grid ✓ — n/a [41 ] Eyeball — ✓ [102 , 103 ] [80 ]
