Research Article

Covert Intention to Answer “Yes” or “No” Can Be Decoded from Single-Trial Electroencephalograms (EEGs)

Table 1

Decoding accuracies for individual subjects.

SubjectTF subwindow ①TF subwindow ②TF subwindow ③Combined features

186.89 ± 6.52
(78.95, 100)
88.95 ± 4.35
(80.00, 95.00)
87.37 ± 9.47
(70.00, 100)
94.50 ± 3.50
(90.00, 100)
271.00 ± 6.63
(55.00, 80.00)
74.50 ± 10.11
(55.00, 90.00)
78.00 ± 9.80
(65.00, 95.00)
80.00 ± 10.49
(60.00, 95.00)
376.00 ± 10.20
(60.00, 90.00)
79.00 ± 6.63
(65.00, 90.00)
82.00 ± 7.14
(65.00, 90.00)
85.50 ± 7.89
(65.00, 95.00)
480.50 ± 8.79
(65.00, 95.00)
75.50 ± 7.23
(65.00, 90.00)
71.00 ± 8.00
(60.00, 85.00)
84.00 ± 3.74
(80.00, 90.00)
588.00 ± 3.32
(85.00, 95.00)
89.00 ± 10.44
(65.00, 100)
92.00 ± 7.48
(75.00, 100)
96.00 ± 4.90
(85.00, 100)
690.00 ± 7.07
(75.00, 100)
90.50 ± 4.15
(85.00, 95.00)
92.00 ± 5.57
(85.00, 100)
93.00 ± 4.00
(85.00, 100)
778.47 ± 13.21
(45.00, 94.74)
77.45 ± 10.00
(65.00, 100)
77.42 ± 9.75
(60.00, 90.00)
84.45 ± 8.17
(65.00, 95.00)
883.00 ± 5.57
(75.00, 95.00)
75.50 ± 7.57
(65.00, 85.00)
80.50 ± 7.57
(65.00, 90.00)
88.00 ± 8.72
(75.00, 100)
973.50 ± 9.76
(55.00, 85.00)
70.00 ± 8.37
(60.00, 85.00)
68.00 ± 6.40
(55.00, 80.00)
77.00 ± 8.12
(65.00, 90.00)
1078.64 ± 10.95
(60.00, 94.74)
68.54 ± 8.60
(60.00, 89.47)
76.09 ± 12.77
(50.00, 94.74)
82.73 ± 6.25
(70.00, 90.00)
1176.54 ± 7.58
(63.16, 85.00)
76.34 ± 9.54
(60.00, 89.47)
67.59 ± 6.00
(60.00, 75.00)
79.54 ± 6.25
(66.67, 90.00)
1292.95 ± 3.37
(89.47, 100)
94.00 ± 7.35
(75.00, 100)
95.97 ± 3.75
(90.00, 100)
97.97 ± 2.48
(94.74, 100)
1387.89 ± 6.54
(78.95, 100)
82.84 ± 9.76
(65.00, 95.00)
74.42 ± 12.27
(50.00, 90.00)
85.45 ± 8.17
(70.00, 100)
1460.00 ± 7.75
(45.00, 75.00)
65.00 ± 10.25
(45.00, 75.00)
69.50 ± 14.04
(50.00, 90.00)
70.00 ± 10.49
(50.00, 85.00)
1569.58 ± 14.98
(44.44, 88.89)
79.53 ± 10.70
(55.56, 94.44)
58.96 ± 13.75
(33.33, 77.78)
74.55 ± 10.76
(57.89, 94.44)
1668.95 ± 8.49
(60.00, 90.00)
64.51 ± 6.80
(50.00, 75.00)
67.45 ± 8.21
(55.00, 80.00)
69.48 ± 7.00
(60.00, 85.00)
1779.00 ± 9.43
(65.00, 90.00)
77.00 ± 7.14
(65.00, 85.00)
83.00 ± 9.00
(70.00, 95.00)
89.50 ± 7.89
(80.00, 100)
1881.50 ± 8.67
(65.00, 100)
80.00 ± 9.22
(60.00, 90.00)
88.00 ± 7.14
(70.00, 95.00)
93.50 ± 5.50
(80.00, 100)
1993.00 ± 5.10
(85.00, 100)
97.00 ± 4.00
(90.00, 100)
94.50 ± 2.69
(90.00, 100)
98.00 ± 2.45
(95.00, 100)
2090.50 ± 4.72
(85.00, 100)
89.50 ± 6.10
(80.00, 100)
88.50 ± 6.73
(75.00, 100)
96.50 ± 4.50
(85.00, 100)
2187.00 ± 7.48
(70.00, 95.00)
83.00 ± 9.27
(65.00, 100)
83.50 ± 5.50
(75.00, 95.00)
91.50 ± 5.94
(80.00, 100)
2278.00 ± 8.72
(60.00, 90.00)
73.50 ± 8.08
(55.00, 85.00)
70.00 ± 8.66
(55.00, 85.00)
77.00 ± 4.00
(70.00, 85.00)
2393.82 ± 5.51
(87.50, 100)
88.62 ± 8.34
(66.67, 100)
88.77 ± 6.86
(75.00, 100)
90.61 ± 9.01
(73.33, 100)
Ave81.08 ± 8.89
(60.00, 93.82)
79.99 ± 8.99
(64.51, 97.00)
79.76 ± 10.21
(67.45, 95.97)
86.03 ± 8.69
(69.48, 98.00)

Value: mean ± standard deviation (SD) of decoding accuracy (%). The range of decoding accuracies was in parenthesis. Abbreviation: TF, time frequency; Ave, average values over all subjects.