A Systematic and Meta-Analysis Survey of Whale Optimization Algorithm

Table 2

Description of unimodal, multimodal, fixed-dimension multimodal, and composite benchmark functions used in this work.

	Function	V_no	Range
Unimodal benchmark functions
1		30	[−100, 100]	0
2		30	[−10, 10]	0
3		30	[−100, 100]	0
4		30	[−100, 100]	0
5		30	[−30, 30]	0
6		30	[−100, 100]	0
7		30	[−1.28, 1.28]	0
Multimodal benchmark functions
8		30	[−500, 500]	−418.9829 × 5
9		30	[−5.12, 5.12]	0
10		30	[−32, 32]	0
11		30	[−600, 600]	0
12		30	[−50, 50]	0
13		30	[−50, 50]	0
Fixed-dimension multimodal benchmark functions
14		2	[−65, 65]	1
15		4	[−5, 5]	0.00030
16		2	[−5, 5]	−1.398
17		2	[−5, 5]	0.398
18		2	[−2, 2]	3
19		3	[1, 3]	−3.86
20		6	[0, 1]	−3.32
21		4	[0, 10]	−10.1532
22		4	[0, 10]	−10.4028
23		4	[0, 10]	−10.5363