Forecast of E-Commerce Transactions Trend Using Integration of Enhanced Whale Optimization Algorithm and Support Vector Machine

Table 8

Forecast error values.

Case	Year	Re (%)
		SVM	WOA-SVM	EWOA-SVM
Case 1	2015	−9.61	0.71	−0.23
	2016	−0.68	0.56	2.06
	2017	−1.15	−2.75	−2.73
	2018	1.23	2.98	1.80
	2019	0.50	−1.27	−0.74
Case 2	2011	−2.72	0.10	3.82
	2012	2.04	−2.85	−19.28
	2013	9.95	27.96	27.63
	2014	−14.14	−3.27	−0.90
	2015	−14.64	−6.30	−2.71
	2016	−5.13	−4.83	−2.19
	2017	−4.05	−6.62	−4.93
	2018	0.53	3.88	2.91
	2019	3.01	3.46	0.83