Impact of Social Media on Geopolitics and Economic Growth: Mitigating the Risks by Developing Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Computing Tools

Table 2

Systematic review.

Year	Title	Author (s)	Country	Findings
2013	Social media heightens political risks in emerging markets	Kay and Freely	USA	Governments must integrate social media into their strategies and recognize the political risk regarding social media. A comprehensive risk management plan regarding social media can prepare institutions with more ability regarding social media.
2013	The social media in the economy	Papachristou	Spain	The emergence of social media can produce economically benefitting results for some users. Furthermore, the study states that social media has laid foundations for a participatory economy, where one participant gains value from the action of others.
2016	Impact of social media on economic growth – evidence from social media	Dell’Anno et al.	Italy	After the tests, it is identified that social media has a significant and negative impact on economic growth. Further research suggestions included accessing whether the negative impact is due to greater consumption of nonmonetary content, decreased productivity, increased search costs, or a mix of the three factors.
2012	Social media - The new power of political influence	Auvinen	Belgium	Political opponents can use social media to learn from each other much more easily and openly.
2016	Infrastructures of empire: towards critical geopolitics of media and information studies	Aouragh and Chakravartty	United Kingdom	Social media has a strong impact on geopolitics as it exposes the current situation in locations where they might want to keep it a secret.
2016	The geopolitics of social media in Eurasia	Chausovsky	Russia	The use of social media has been shaped by geopolitical circumstances, rather than the other way around. Certainly, social media can act—and has acted—as an enabler of significant political developments. But, far from causing revolutions—and more importantly—ushering in regime change following these revolutions, social media simply serves as one tool among many as a force for political change.
2019	Digital communication disrupting hegemonic power in global geopolitics	Simons	Sweden	Social media and new media are playing a greater part in international relations and politics. They are being used as a means to defend the existing world order and as a means to undermine it. These new forms of media are potentially very potent instruments of influencing the course and discussions on the existing world order and its possible directions. They are able to unite diverse groups and individuals spread across the planet dedicated to specific issues.
2016	Populism and social media: How politicians spread a fragmented ideology	Engesser et al.	Switzerland	The paper states that social media gives populist politicians and other key figures the ability to voice out their opinions and gain a following, while the study explores deep into populism culture and suggests refined structuring of the topic for the future.
2019	What to do about social media? Politics, populism and journalism	Crilley and Gillespie	United Kingdom	Lack of accountability from social media outlets can cause the political use of social media to be out of control. The political use of social media platforms is conducted on unethical grounds and should be subject to appropriate restrictions.
2019	E-capital and economic growth in European metropolitan areas	Kiuru and Inkinen	Finland	There is a relationship between economic growth and social media; however, the relationship is negative as it has been observed that cities with fewer social media activities have better growth economically.
2016	The role of social media and its implication on economic growth on society in India	Sharma	India	The use of social media causes economic growth due to cost reduction, effective feedback systems, and branding strategies.
2016	Development impact of social media	Ackland and Tanaka	Australia	Social media impacts the economic growth of developed countries when governments intervene through more regulated social media campaigns.
2018	The influence of entrepreneurship and social networks on economic growth	Chen et al.	China	There is a significant positive influence of social networks on economic growth.
2019	The new geopolitics of converging risks	Pauwels	USA	Social media is reshaping the geopolitics in both positive as well as negative dimensions.
2019	The geopolitics of information	Rosenbach and Mansted	USA	In terms of geopolitics, social media has both pros and cons in modern societies; however, the negative consequences are prevalent.