Numerical Simulation and Investigation of System Parameters of Sonochemical Process

Table 4

Simulation summary of sonochemical process under various static pressures (𝑃_𝑜).

	Conditions at the first collapse of the bubble
	𝑃𝑜=100 kPa	𝑃𝑜=120 kPa	𝑃𝑜=150 kPa	𝑃𝑜=200 kPa	𝑃𝑜=300 kPa
	𝑇max=3999 K	𝑇max=3024 K	𝑇max=977.3 K	𝑇max=353.4 K	𝑇max=312.7 K
	𝑃max=696.7 MPa	𝑃max=286.3 MPa	𝑃max=4.62 MPa	𝑃max=416 kPa	𝑃max=477 kPa
	𝑉turb=0.36 m/s	𝑉turb=0.21 m/s	𝑉turb=0.07 m/s	𝑉turb=0.008 m/s	𝑉turb=0.002 m/s
	𝑃AW=24.04 MPa	𝑃AW=5.43 MPa	𝑃AW=120 kPa	𝑃AW=2 kPa	𝑃AW=0.6 kPa
	𝑁N2=1.28×10^10	𝑁N2=1.48×10^10	𝑁N2=1.78×10^10	𝑁N2=2.28×10^10	𝑁N2=3.28×10^10
	𝑁O2=3.41×10^9	𝑁O2=3.95×10^9	𝑁O2=4.74×10^9	𝑁O2=6.07×10^9	𝑁O2=8.73×10^9
	𝑁W=2.91×10^9	𝑁W=1.81×10^9	𝑁W=8.86×10^8	𝑁W=8.19×10^10	𝑁W=3.81×10^8
Species	Equilibrium composition of species in the bubble at collapse
	1 bar	1.2 bar	1.5 bar	2 bar	3 bar
N2	6.26×10^−1	6.99×10^−1	7.60×10^−1	7.68×10^−1	7.83×10^−1
O2	1.28×10^−1	1.67×10^−1	2.02×10^−1	2.04×10^−1	2.08×10^−1
H2O	1.41×10^−2	7.45×10^−2	3.80×10^−2	2.80×10^−2	9.00×10^−3
N	1.56×10^−5	—	—	—	—
O	5.95×10^−3	9.35×10^−4	—	—	—
H	2.83×10^−4	4.09×10^−5	—	—	—
O3	1.70×10^−5	3.71×10^−6	—	—	—
H2	2.53×10^−4	1.67×10^−4	—	—	—
OH	9.51×10^−3	6.33×10^−3	—	—	—
HO2	5.59×10^−4	3.60×10^−4	—	—	—
H2O2	2.00×10^−5	2.74×10^−5	—	—	—
NO	8.47×10^−2	4.30×10^−2	2.64×10^−5	—	—
NO2	1.70×10^−3	1.03×10^−3	1.09×10^−5	—	—
N2O	3.61×10^−4	1.10×10^−4	—	—	—
NH	1.70×10^−6	—	—	—	—
HNO	5.95×10^−5	1.38×10^−5	—	—	—
HNO2	1.75×10^−4	1.40×10^−4	—	—	—

Note: solvent = water, dissolved gas = air, initial bubble size (𝑅₀)=5 µm, temperature (𝑇)=303 K, and frequency (𝑓)=20 kHz.