Abstract
Tumours that involve the confluence of the bile ducts in the liver hilum provide a major therapeutic challenge. Adequate palliation requires relief of jaundice. Even though jaundice can be relieved if only 30% of the liver is drained, the presence of undrained bile ducts may result in pruritus and a continued risk of cholangitis and hepatic abscess. The biliary anatomy is defined by cholangiography, which today can be performed by magnetic resonance; the stricture is dilated, and plastic or metallic stents are endoscopically inserted over a guidewire. Patients with complex hilar strictures may benefit from the insertion of one or more stents, although there is debate about how many are necessary. The present article provides specific technical details, describes comparative trials of unilateral versus bilateral biliary drainage and explores new techniques that warrant further investigation.