Research Article
Hepatitis B Stigma and Knowledge among Vietnamese in Ho Chi Minh City and Chicago
Table 3
Responses to stigma items. Respondents were asked to provide their perceptions about people who are hepatitis B carriers.
| ā | Vietnamese in Chicago | Vietnamese in Ho Chi Minh City | Number of valid responses | Strongly agree | Agree | Disagree | Strongly disagree | Number of valid responses | Strongly agree | Agree | Disagree | Strongly disagree | ā |
| (i) Feel ashamed about having HBV | 169 | 11% | 18% | 60% | 11% | 842 | 1% | 16% | 78% | 5% | <0.001 | (ii) Feel that they bring trouble to their family | 170 | 14% | 38% | 42% | 6% | 842 | 1% | 52% | 45% | 2% | 0.839 | (iii) Feel guilty about having HBV | 170 | 9% | 20% | 61% | 9% | 842 | 1% | 16% | 78% | 5% | <0.001 | (iv) Put others at risk for HBV | 170 | 13% | 24% | 54% | 9% | 842 | 2% | 59% | 37% | 2% | <0.001 | (v) Should avoid close contact with others such as kissing or hugging | 170 | 16% | 28% | 46% | 10% | 842 | 2% | 41% | 54% | 3% | 0.897 | (vi) Should not be isolated | 170 | 22% | 41% | 30% | 7% | 842 | 8% | 79% | 11% | 2% | <0.001 | (vii) May be viewed by others as having a shameful sexually transmitted disease | 168 | 8% | 22% | 61% | 9% | 842 | 1% | 21% | 73% | 5% | 0.011 | (viii) Can be trusted not to bring harm to others | 170 | 8% | 43% | 39% | 10% | 842 | 3% | 60% | 35% | 2% | 0.005 | (ix) Can be trusted as friends | 170 | 14% | 58% | 24% | 4% | 842 | 4% | 83% | 12% | 1% | <0.001 | (x) Are viewed as undesirable as a husband or wife | 170 | 8% | 17% | 64% | 11% | 842 | 1% | 27% | 69% | 3% | 0.486 | (xi) Might be discriminated against at school in the Vietnam | 170 | 7% | 22% | 60% | 11% | 842 | 1% | 19% | 75% | 5% | 0.004 | (xii) Might be discriminated against at work in the Vietnam | 170 | 8% | 21% | 60% | 11% | 842 | 1% | 20% | 74% | 5% | 0.023 | (xiii) Might be denied healthcare in Vietnam | 169 | 6% | 15% | 66% | 13% | 842 | 1% | 7% | 82% | 10% | <0.001 |
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For analysis pertaining to individual stigma items, responses were dichotomized as stigma (yes/no).
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