Bacterial Infection and Predictors of Mortality in Patients with Autoimmune Liver Disease-Associated Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure

Table 1

Comparison of clinical features and laboratory results among the overall study collective.

Characteristics	No ACLF ()	ACLF ()	value	ACLF		value
				Infection group ()	Noninfection group ()
Age	56.34 ± 11.64	58.23 ± 11.86	0.410	58.88 ± 13.18	56.23 ± 6.29	0.336
Female	46 (86.8%)	47 (88.7%)	0.767	34 (85.0%)	13 (100%)	0.317
Diabetes mellitus	9 (17.0%)	6 (11.3%)	0.403	5 (12.5%)	1 (7.7%)	0.635
Coexisting other autoimmune diseases	7 (13.2%)	7 (13.2%)	1.000	4 (10.0%)	3 (23.1%)	0.460
Steroid exposure	8 (15.1%)	11 (20.8%)	0.447	7 (17.5%)	4 (30.8%)	0.528
Complications
Ascites	25 (47.2%)	41 (77.4%)	0.001	32 (80%)	9 (69.2%)	0.710
Gastrointestinal bleeding	3 (5.7%)	12 (14.0%)	0.026	8 (20%)	4 (30.8%)	0.671
Hepatic encephalopathy	2 (3.8%)	29 (54.7%)	≤0.001	21 (52.5%)	8 (61.5%)	0.570
Hepatorenal syndrome	2 (3.8%)	16 (30.2%)	0.001	15 (37.5%)	1 (7.7%)	0.092
Bacterial infection	27 (50.9%)	40 (75.5%)	0.005
Laboratory data
Leukocyte counts (×10 9/L)	6.32 ± 3.93	10.43 ± 6.40	≤0.001	12.20 ± 6.34	4.97 ± 2.01	≤0.001
Hemoglobin (g/L)	99.06 ± 21.09	89.32 ± 19.51	0.015	86.30 ± 19.91	98.62 ± 15.39	0.047
Platelet (×10 9/L)	108.83 ± 65.32	87.25 ± 52.30	0.063	89.70 ± 56.43	79.69 ± 37.68	0.472
CRP (mg/L)	19.25 ± 15.71	25.51 ± 19.05	0.071	30.49 ± 18.83	8.89 ± 5.93	≤0.001
PCT (ng/ml)	0.43 ± 0.44	1.25 ± 1.65	0.007	1.44 ± 1.76	0.33 ± 0.14	0.136
ALT (U/L)	227.06 ± 302.30	258.34 ± 331.79	0.613	177.15 ± 210.97	508.15 ± 492.74	0.034
AST (U/L)	288.42 ± 352.18	310.58 ± 290.45	0.724	270.48 ± 244.16	434.00 ± 387.24	0.172
AKP (U/L)	197.77 ± 105.19	1879.09 ± 104.54	0.361	176.05 ± 100.90	188.46 ± 118.91	0.714
GGT (U/L)	185.15 ± 199.38	143.72 ± 165.20	0.247	161.15 ± 183.58	90.08 ± 67.81	0.045
Total bilirubin (mg/dL)	20.44 ± 8.21	26.68 ± 8.20	0.005	26.16 ± 8.49	21.37 ± 6.21	0.067
Albumin (g/L)	27.53 ± 5.98	26.71 ± 3.30	0.372	26.59 ± 3.61	26.97 ± 2.22	0.723
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.65 ± 0.19	1.22 ± 0.88	≤0.001	1.39 ± 0.91	0.72 ± 0.56	0.004
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)	4.68 ± 1.52	3.99 ± 1.99	0.119	3.80 ± 0.90	4.57 ± 3.74	0.471
Serum sodium (mmol/L)	136.60 ± 5.12	133.81 ± 5.59	0.009	133.03 ± 5.88	136.23 ± 3.79	0.072
INR	1.76 ± 0.29	3.04 ± 1.23	≤0.001	3.33 ± 1.54	2.95 ± 1.11	0.328
Child-Pugh score	9.53 ± 1.19	11.79 ± 1.46	≤0.001	11.06 ± 1.49	10.47 ± 1.85	0.055
MELD score	18.72 ± 3.15	29.60 ± 8.72	≤0.001	29.47 ± 7.06	27.37 ± 5.35	0.109
CLIF-SOFA score	7.43 ± 0.77	10.74 ± 2.22	≤0.001	11.03 ± 2.38	10.23 ± 1.54	0.266
ACLF grade
Grade 1	42 (79.2%)	6 (11.3%)	0.186	4 (20.0%)	2 (15.4%)	0.678
Grade 2	0	30 (56.6%)	≤0.001	22 (55.0%)	8 (61.5%)	0.003
Grade 3	0	17 (32.1%)	≤0.001	14 (35.0%)	3 (23.1%)	0.008
28-day transplant-free mortality	4 (8.9%)	18 (38.3%)	0.001	15 (39.5%)	3 (33.3%)	0.733
90-day transplant-free mortality	6 (13.3%)	35 (74.5%)	≤0.001	27 (71.1%)	5 (55.6%)	0.618

CRP, C-reactive protein; PCT, procalcitonin; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; AKP, alkaline phosphatase; GGT, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase; INR, international normalized ratio; MELD, model for end-stage liver disease; CLIF-SOFA, chronic liver failure-sequential organ failure assessment.