Preventive Transhepatic Tract Embolisation after Percutaneous Biliary Interventions: A Systematic Review

Table 2

Techniques of preventive transhepatic tract embolisation, technical success, and embolisation-related adverse events graded according to the CIRSE classification.

Embolic agent	Author/year	Technique of transhepatic tract embolisation	Technical success (%)	Embolisation-related adverse events (%)
Cyanoacrylate	Schmitz-R 2000	NBCA and iodised oil (50 : 50); injected through a 3F-PTFE-catheter; 7F-or 9F-port	20/20 (100.0%)	0/20 (0.0%)
	Lyon 2006	NBCA and iodised oil (50 : 50); injected through an 8F-dilator catheter	21/21 (100.0%)	0/20 (0.0%)
	Seif 2013	NBCA and iodised oil (80 : 20); injected through a 6F-dilator catheter	24/25 (96.0%)	Glue migration: CIRSE 3°: 1/25 (4.0%)
	Hwang 2019	NBCA/iodised oil (50 : 50; 40 : 60; 33 : 66), autologous blood, injected through an 8/14F-dilator catheter	41/42 (97.6%)	1/42 (2.4%) glue migration: CIRSE 1°, pain: 8/42 (19.0%)
Gelatin	Dale 2015	Gelatin foam pledgets, 14G/2 cm length, 2-3, one with radiopaque marker, push rod stylet, 8F-port	92/92 (100.0%)	0/92 (0.0%)
	Augustin 2019	Gelatin sponge torpedoes, manually prepared, delivered by pushing catheter/flushing, 8/11F-port	97/98 (98.9%)	0/98 (0.0%)
Coils	Sofue 2012	Metallic coils: 1–3 (5 mm × 5 cm; 4 mm × 3 cm; 3 mm × 4 cm); 6.5F-port	16/16 (100.0%)	0/16 (0.0%)
All			311/314 (99.0%)	10/314 (3.2%)