Increasing Number and Proportion of Adverse Obstetrical Outcomes among Women Living with HIV in the Ottawa Area: A 20-Year Clinical Case Series

Table 3

Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression to assess associations with adverse obstetrical outcomes using generalized estimating equations to control for year of birth ().

Variables ( = missing)	OR (95% CI)	value	AOR (95% CI)	value
Obstetrical factors at time of birth
Parity
1	Ref.
2	0.74 (0.25–2.19)	0.580
3+	1.18 (0.29–4.78)	0.821
Gravidity
1	Ref.
2	1.40 (0.53–3.68)	0.500
3+	1.40 (0.34–5.75)	0.644
Mode of delivery ( = 11)
Vaginal	Ref.	0.724
Caesarian section	1.29 (0.73–2.29)
Demographic variables
Age at delivery
<20 years	2.26 (1.00–5.09)	0.049	3.35 (1.04–1.46)	0.043
20–35 years	Ref.		Ref.
36+ years	1.15 (0.40–3.27)	0.846	0.88 (0.26–3.03)	0.846
Ethnicity
African migrant	1.01 (0.51–2.03)	0.891
Other	Ref.
Immigrant status
Nonimmigrant	Ref.		Ref.
<10 years	5.88 (1.26–27.36)	0.023	7.24 (1.30–40.28)	0.024
≥10 years	1.95 (0.21–18.56)	0.560	2.53 (0.19–33.29)	0.480
Health insurance
Yes	Ref.	1.00
No	0.75 (0.13–4.53)
Living with partner ( = 27)
Yes	Ref.	0.883
No	1.02 (0.43–2.42)
Housing ( = 11)
Stable	Ref.	0.720
Unstable	1.24 (0.35–4.40)
Intravenous drug use
Yes	1.59 (0.45–5.65)	0.476
No	Ref.
Smoking history^1
Yes	2.63 (1.14–6.04)	0.023
No	Ref.
HIV related variables
Diagnosis time frame ( = 25)
Preconception	Ref.	0.762
During pregnancy/after delivery	1.23 (0.35–4.31)
CD4 cell count ( = 21)
<200	0.58 (0.04–9.38)	0.428
200–499	0.15 (0.02–1.32)
>500
Virological suppression ( = 20)
Yes	Ref.	0.229
No	0.56 (0.22–1.46)
ART regime
Yes	Ref.
No
ART combination
Any ART (yes versus no)	0.89 (0.27–3.00)	0.864
NRTI (yes versus no)	1.13 (0.40–3.25)	0.814
NRTI only (yes versus no)	0.26 (0.03–2.02)	0.198
NNRTI-based (yes versus no)	—	—
PI-based (yes versus no)	0.44 (0.14–1.39)	0.164
ART era^1
Pre-ART (<1996)	0.35 (0.03–3.65)	0.151
Phase in ART (1996–2001)	0.18 (0.04–0.95)	0.043
Highly effective ART (>2001)	Ref.
Comorbidities
Hepatitis A	—
Hepatitis B	1.09 (0.15–7.84)	1.00
Hepatitis C	1.09 (0.25–4.68)	1.00
Psychiatric illness	2.77 (1.22–6.33)	0.04	2.85 (1.23–6.61)	0.014
STI history	0.71 (0.26–1.93)	0.762
TB history	1.19 (0.45–3.17)	0.597
Malaria history	0.85 (0.35–2.08)	1.00
Diabetes	1.08 (0.45–2.59)	0.678
Hypertension	1.33 (0.22–8.24)	1.00

Insufficient cell size to run multivariable analyses.