Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology

Research Article

Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Intestinal Parasitic Infection among Primary School Children in Dera District, Northwest Ethiopia

Table 4

Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of potential risk factors associated with Entamoeba sp., G. lamblia, E. vermicularis, Taenia sp., and A. lumbricoides infection among school children in Dera district, Northwest Ethiopia.


Entamoeba sp.
Risk factors	Categories	Total no. (%)	Negative no. (%)	Positive no. (%)	COR, 95% CI	value	AOR, 95% CI	value

Household source of drinking water	River	30 (7.9)	15 (50)	15 (50)	2.417 (1.07, 5.456)	0.096	2.351 (1.031, 5.360)	0.039
	Spring	52 (13.6)	38 (73.1)	14 (26.9)	0.89 (0.431, 1.839)		0.835 (0.395, 1.764)
	Well	177 (46.3)	129 (72.9)	48 (27.1)	0.899 (0.54, 1.498)		0.706 (0.395, 1.260)
	Hand-dug well	123 (32.2)	87 (70.7)	36 (29.3)	1		1

Eating soil	No	367 (96.1)	263 (71.66)	104 (28.3)	1	0.013	1	0.013
Eating soil	Yes	15 (3.9)	6 (40)	9 (60)	3.79 (1.317, 10.92)	0.013	3.957 (1.34, 11.67)	0.013

School water access	No	105 (27.5)	68 (64.8)	37 (35.2)	1.439 (0.89, 2.325)	0.137	1.773 (1.004, 3.1)	0.048
School water access	Yes	277 (72.5)	201 (72.6)	76 (27.4)	1	0.137	1	0.048

G. lamblia
Maternal handwashing	No	85 (22.3)	83 (97.6)	2 (2.4)	1.687 (0.15, 18.99)	0.083	2.09 (.174, 25.1)	0.042
	Yes only by water	226 (59.2)	209 (92.5)	17 (7.5)	5.694 (0.74, 43.56)		7.973 (0.99, 64.5)
	Yes by soap	71 (18.6)	70 (99)	1 (1)	1		1

Taking an antiparasitic drug before 6 months	No	323 (84.6)	304 (94.1)	19 (5.9)	3.625 (0.476, 27.6)	0.214	3.14 (.39, 25.21)	0.282
Taking an antiparasitic drug before 6 months	Yes	59 (15.4)	58 (98.3)	1 (1.7)	1	0.214	1	0.282

Knowledge of IPIs	No	299 (78.3)	281 (94)	18 (6)	2.594 (0.59, 11.42)	0.207	1.735 (.37, 8.08)	0.483
Knowledge of IPIs	Yes	83 (21.7)	81 (97.6)	2 (2.4)	1	0.207	1	0.483

School water access	No	105 (27.5)	96 (91.4)	9 (8.6)	2.267 (0.911, 5.64)	0.078	2.101 (0.78, 5.59)	0.137
School water access	Yes	277 (72.5)	266 (96)	11 (4)	1	0.078	1	0.137

School toilet function	No	188 (49.2)	172 (91.5)	16 (8.5)	4.419 (1.45, 13.5)	0.009	4.132 (1.3, 13.03)	0.015
School toilet function	Yes	194 (50.8)	190 (97.9)	4 (2.1)	1	0.009	1	0.015

E. vermicularis
Maternal hand wash	No	85 (22.3)	84 (98.8)	1 (1.2)	0.411 (0.036, 4.63)	0.212	0.432 (0.034, 5.6)	0.118
	Yes only by water	226 (59.2)	213 (94.2)	13 (5.8)	2.106 (0.464, 9.56)		2.858 (0.53, 15.5)
	Yes by soap	71 (18.6)	69 (97.2)	2 (2.8)	1		1

Household drinking water	Boiling	3 (0.8)	3 (100)	0 (0)	0.000 (0.000)	0.125	----------	0.030
	Filtering	36 (9.4)	32 (88.9)	4 (11.1)	1.250 (0.209, 7.46)		1.378 (0.19, 10.1)
	Direct	321 (84.03)	311 (96.9)	10 (3.4)	0.322 (0.07, 1.567)		0.206 (0.038, 1.13)
	Chlorine treated	22 (5.8)	20 (90.9)	2 (9.1)	1		1

Knowledge of IPIs	No	299 (78.3)	284 (94.9)	15 (5.02)	4.331 (0.56, 33.28)	0.159	5.473 (0.67, 44.69)	0.113
Knowledge of IPIs	Yes	83 (21.7)	82 (99)	1 (1)	1	0.159	1	0.113

A habit of eating raw meat	No	147 (38.5)	144 (97.9)	3 (2.1)	1	0.112	1	0.062
A habit of eating raw meat	Yes	235 (61.5)	222 (94.5)	13 (5.5)	2.811 (0.79, 10.04)	0.112	3.581 (0.94, 13.7)	0.062

Taenia sp.
Household source of drinking water	River	30 (7.9)	28 (93.3)	2 (6.7)	1.686 (0.311, 9.143)	0.106	2.004 (0.353, 11.392)	0.168
	Spring	52 (13.6)	46 (88.5)	6 (11.5)	3.078 (0.89, 10.58)		2.826 (0.793, 10.068)
	Well	177 (46.3)	155 (87.6)	22 (12.4)	3.350 (1.23, 9.106)		3.441 (1.133, 10.447)
	Hand-dug well	123 (32.2)	118 (95.9)	5 (4.1)	1		1

Gender	Female	191 (50)	167 (87.4)	24 (12.6)	2.352 (1.117, 4.95)	0.024	2.098 (.971, 4.535)	0.059
Gender	Male	191 (50)	180 (94.2)	11 (5.8)	1	0.024	1	0.059

Grade	1–4	162 (42.4)	142 (87.7)	20 (12.3)	1.925 (0.95, 3.89)	0.068	2.28 (1.08, 4.814)	0.031
Grade	5–8	220 (57.6)	205 (93.2)	15 (6.8)	1	0.068	1	0.031

A habit of sucking fingers	No	130 (40)	122 (93.8)	8 (6.2)	1	0.148	1	0.408
A habit of sucking fingers	Yes	252 (60)	225 (89.3)	27 (10.7)	1.83 (0.807, 4.152)	0.148	1.44 (0.607, 3.417)	0.408

School water access	No	105 (27.5)	91 (86.7)	14 (13.3)	1.875 (0.915, 3.84)	0.086	1.021 (0.415, 2.514)	0.964
School water access	Yes	277 (72.5)	256 (92.4)	21 (7.6)	1	0.086	1	0.964

School toilet function	No	188 (49.2)	163 (86.7)	25 (13.3)	2.822 (1.316, 6.053)	0.008	2.651 (1.176, 5.973)	0.019
School toilet function	Yes	194 (50.8)	184 (94.8)	10 (5.2)	1	0.008	1	0.019

A. lumbricoides
Age	6–11	123 (32.2)	120 (97.5)	3 (2.4)	0.1 (0.008, 1.185)	0.180	0.012 (0.00, 2.25)	0.251
	12–18	254 (66.5)	242 (95.3)	12 (4.7)	0.198 (0.02, 1.91)		0.017 (0.0, 2.856)
	19–21	5 (1.3)	4 (80)	1 (20)	1		1

Household source of drinking water	River	30 (7.9)	27 (90)	3 (10)	13.556 (1.4, 135.4)	0.099	13.837 (1.1, 174.7)	0.158
	Spring	52 (13.6)	51 (98.1)	1 (1.9)	2.392 (0.15, 38.98)		2.542 (0.128, 50.6)
	Well	177 (46.3)	166 (93.8)	11 (6.2)	8.084 (1.03, 63.46)		7.677 (0.78, 75.5)
	Hand-dug well	123 (32.2)	122 (99.1)	1 (0.9)	1		1

A habit of eating raw meat	No	147 (38.5)	146 (99.3)	1 (0.7)	1	0.027	1	0.021
A habit of eating raw meat	Yes	235 (61.5)	220 (93.6)	15 (6.4)	9.955 (1.3, 76.177)	0.027	15.282 (1.5, 154.2)	0.021

Knowledge of IPIs	No	299 (78.3)	284 (94.9)	15 (5.1)	4.331 (0.56, 33.3)	0.159	17.284 (0.4, 721.8)	0.134
Knowledge of IPIs	Yes	83 (21.7)	82 (98.8)	1 (1.2)	1	0.159	1	0.134

Mode of school waste disposal	Open field	263 (68.8)	248 (94.3)	15 (5.7)	7.137 (0.932, 54.674)	0.059	4.2 (0.51, 34.94)	0.184
Mode of school waste disposal	Burry and firing	119 (52.1)	118 (99.2)	1 (0.8)	1	0.059	1	0.184

Statistically significant at ; 1 = reference value; AOR = adjusted odds ratio; COR = crude odds ratio.