Potential Predictors of Poor Prognosis among Severe COVID-19 Patients: A Single-Center Study

Table 2

Association between demographics, clinical data, laboratory test data, and primary outcomes.

	Discharge status		value	Odds ratio (OR, 95% CI, value)
	Cured 67 (42%)	Died 93 (58%)
Age (years)
20–59	58 (55%)	48 (45%)	<0.001	0.17, 0.074–0.373, <0.001
≥60	9 (17%)	45 (83%)
Sex
Female	10 (25%)	30 (75%)	0.012	2.7, 1.22–6.04, 0.015
Male	57 (47.5%)	63 (52.5%)
Diabetes
Yes	20 (38.5%)	32 (61.5%)	0.544	—
No	47 (43.5%)	61 (56.5%)
Renal failure
Yes	1 (20%)	4 (80%)	0.400	—
No	66 (43%)	89 (57%)
Pulmonary disease
Yes	23 (29.5%)	55 (70.5%)	0.002	2.8, 1.44–5.32, 0.002
No	44 (54%)	38 (46%)
Heart disease
Yes	21 (49%)	22 (51%)	0.291	—
No	43 (39%)	66 (61%)
Ferritin
Normal	1 (17%)	5 (83%)	0.401	—
Increased	59 (42%)	80 (58%)
D-dimer
Normal	6 (100%)	0 (0%)	0.003	21, 1.16–380.47, 0.039
Increased	50 (38%)	81 (62%)
AST
Normal	33 (66%)	17 (34%)	<0.001	4.17, 2.04–8.5, 0.001
Increased	34 (32%)	73 (68%)
ALT
Normal	37 (36%)	66 (64%)	0.033	0.48, 0.24–0.95, 0.034
Increased	28 (54%)	24 (46%)
ALP
Decreased	58 (40%)	88 (60%)	—	—
Normal	0 (0%)	0 (0%)
Total protein
Decreased	0 (0%)	22 (100%)	0.001	26.8, 1.56–462.2, 0.023
Normal	23 (37%)	39 (63%)
Bilirubin total
Normal	42 (43%)	55 (57%)	0.065
Increased	8 (25%)	24 (75%)
Bilirubin nonconjugated
Normal	24 (63%)	14 (37%)	<0.001	4.2, 1.86–9.26, 0.0005
Increased	26 (29%)	63 (71%)
Creatinine
Normal	47 (84%)	9 (16%)	<0.001	27.2, 11.01–66.94, <0.001
Increased	15 (16%)	78 (84%)
BUN
Normal	41 (87%)	6 (13%)	<0.001	26.4, 9.87–70.37, <0.001
Increased	21 (21%)	81 (79%)
CRP
Normal	22 (41.5%)	31 (58.5%)	0.584
Increased	27 (36.5%)	47 (63.5%)
RBCs
Decreased	25 (28%)	65 (72%)	<0.001	4.4, 2.22–8.59, <0.001
Normal	42 (63%)	25 (37%)
Hb
Decreased	26 (25%)	77 (75%)	<0.001	8.7, 4.09–18.4, <0.001
Normal	41 (74.5%)	14 (25.5%)
Neutrophils
Normal	33 (80.5%)	8 (19.5%)	<0.001	6.7, 2.7–16.48, <0.001
Increased	22 (22%)	80 (78%)
Eosinophils
Decreased	23 (26%)	66 (74%)	<0.001	4.2, 2.03–8.58, 0.001
Normal	32 (59%)	22 (41%)
Basophils
Decreased	31 (29.5%)	74 (70.5%)	<0.001	4.1, 1.87–8.94, 0.0004
Increased	24 (63%)	14 (37%)
Monocytes
Decreased	7 (20%)	28 (80%)	0.01	3.2, 1.29–7.96, 0.0123
Normal	48 (44%)	60 (56%)
Lymphocytes
Decreased	35 (29%)	84 (71%)	<0.001	12, 3.82–37.66, <0.001
Normal	20 (83%)	4 (17%)

BUN: blood urea nitrogen; CRP: C-reactive protein; Hb: hemoglobin; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; ALP: alkaline phosphatase. Symbol “—” indicates value that cannot be calculated due to zero cases/not significant value or incalculable odd ratio.