Exposure of Macrophages to Low-Dose Gadolinium-Based Contrast Medium: Impact on Oxidative Stress and Cytokines Production

<div>MRI and gadolinium content of macrophages treated with various gadolinium chloride and GBCAs. ICP-MS analysis showed that the RAW cells generally contained gadolinium after treatment with the various Gd chloride and GBCAs (a) (<i>n</i> = 3). Coronal view and T1-weighted scanning protocols were performed (b). The cells were centrifuged to the bottom of the test tube and imaged as dark signals. The signal intensities of the cells revealed a dose-dependent increase on treatment with higher concentrations of Gd chloride and GBCAs for 24 h.</div>

Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging

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Figure 2: Exposure of Macrophages to Low-Dose Gadolinium-Based Contrast Medium: Impact on Oxidative Stress and Cytokines Production 