Antibiotic Use as a Tragedy of the Commons: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Table 1

Characteristics of participants (𝑁=1530)¹.

Variable	𝑁	%
Highest degree obtained	1430	100.0
Bachelor’s or equivalent (B.A., B.S., etc.)	6	0.4
Master’s or equivalent (M.A., M.P.H., M.S., etc.)	66	4.6
Professional or equivalent (D.D.S., J.D., M.D., etc.)	328	22.9
Doctoral or equivalent (Ed.D., Ph.D., etc.)	989	69.2
Other^2	41	2.9
Area of work	1431	100.0
Clinical care	349	24.4
Microbiology	726	50.7
Public health	166	11.6
Mathematical modeling of infectious diseases	53	3.7
Other^3	137	9.6
Prescribed antibiotics in past 5 years^4	349	100.0
Yes	323	92.6
Location of work^5	1493	100.0
Africa	71	4.8
Asia	173	11.6
Australia/New Zealand	42	2.8
Canada/USA	535	35.8
Europe	538	36.0
Latin America	75	5.0
Middle East	54	3.6
Other^6	5	0.3

1Note that participants were allowed to opt out of responding to any question, so the total number of responses varies depending on the particular question.
²Participants only allowed one response. “Other” category was open-ended and included responses with multiple degrees such as M.D./Ph.D.
³Veterinary medicine, drug development, environmental sciences, and so forth.
⁴Among those who primarily work in clinical care, 𝑁=349.
⁵Participants allowed multiple responses.
⁶Eurasion countries such as Turkey, Armenia, and Russia as well as Australasian countries such as Oceania.