Patient-Specific Phantomless Estimation of Bone Mineral Density and Its Effects on Finite Element Analysis Results: A Feasibility Study

Figure 3

Distribution of elastic modulus, strain energy density, and error of strain energy density in the L2 vertebra: (a) case of using the reference BMD values with an external phantom, (b) case of using BMD values estimated by the proposed phantomeless HU-to-BMD conversion, and (c) case of using the simplified conversion of linear volume fraction approach.

(a)

(b)

(c)