Strategies for Managing the Structural and Dynamic Consequences of Project Complexity

Table 1

Types of emergence processes and structural consequences as a function of antecedents, together with the most effective strategies for dealing with them.

		Intrinsic properties
		Heterogeneity	Multiple interactions
Representation	Correspondence	Endless complication	Magic field
		Innovation project, market aspects	CoPS & infrastructure, organization aspects
		Consequence: unpredictable form	Consequence: uncontrollable properties
		Strategy: distributed learning	Strategy: heedful connectedness
	Computation	Irreducible variety	Intractable mess
		Software project, technical aspects	Biotech project, institutional aspects
		Consequence: slow-converging form	Consequence: unexpected properties
		Strategy: simulation through representation	Strategy: massive trial and error