Loosely Formation-Displaced Geostationary Orbit Optimization with Complex Hybrid Sail Propulsion

Table 3

Mass consumption for each spacecraft after one day.

Time	Roles	Strict formation with ideal displaced GEO (kg)	Loosely formation with a station-keeping box (kg)	Mass saving (%)
Winter solstice	Leader	0.9155	0.4940	46.04%
	Follower 1	1.000	0.6220	37.80%
	Follower 2	0.8899	0.5700	31.99%
Spring equinox	Leader	1.077	0.5850	45.68%
	Follower 1	1.030	0.6160	40.19%
	Follower 2	0.9153	0.5460	40.34%
Summer solstice	Leader	0.9183	0.4550	50.45%
	Follower 1	1.000	0.6290	37.10%
	Follower 2	0.8894	0.5540	37.71%
Autumn equinox	Leader	1.076	0.5870	45.45%
	Follower 1	1.030	0.6180	40.00%
	Follower 2	0.9152	0.5460	40.34%