A Hybrid Tabu Search Algorithm for a Real-World Open Vehicle Routing Problem Involving Fuel Consumption Constraints

Table 1

Common parameters of vehicles.

Notation	Description	Typical values
	Fuel-to-air mass ratio	1
	Gravitational constant (m/s^2)	9.81
	Air density (kg/m^3)	1.2041
	Coefficient of rolling resistance	0.01
	Efficiency parameter for diesel engines	0.45
	Fuel and CO2 emissions cost (RMB/liter)	12.0165
	Driver wage (RMB/s)	0.0111
	Heating value of a typical diesel fuel (kj/g)	44
	Conversion factor (g/s to L/s)	737
	Vehicle drive train efficiency	0.45
	Lower speed limit (m/s)	0
	Upper speed limit (m/s)	27.8 (or 100 km/h)
	Acceleration (m/s^2)	0