Abstract
Fractional Walter’s Liquid Model-B has been used in this work to study the combined analysis of heat and mass transfer together with magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow over a vertically oscillating plate embedded in a porous medium. A newly defined approach of Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative (CFFD) has been used in the mathematical formulation of the problem. By employing the dimensional analysis, the dimensional governing partial differential equations have been transformed into dimensionless form. The problem is solved analytically and solutions of mass concentration, temperature distribution, and velocity field are obtained in the presence and absence of porous and magnetic field impacts. The general solutions are expressed in the format of generalized Mittag-Leffler function and Fox- function satisfying imposed conditions on the problem. These solutions have combined effects of heat and mass transfer; this is due to free convections differences between mass concentration and temperature distribution. Graphical illustration is depicted in order to bring out the effects of various physical parameters on flow. From investigated general solutions, the well-known previously published results in the literature have been recovered. Graphs are plotted and discussed for rheological parameters.
1. Introduction
The liquids related to non-Newtonian behavior have diverted the attention of various researchers, due to the involvement of non-Newtonian fluids in industrial processes and engineering. The prominent non-Newtonian liquids are liquid detergents, polymers, shampoos, cosmetic products, printer inks, blood at low shear rate, paints, colloidal fluids, mud, ice cream, suspension fluids, and several others. Due to diverse rheological characteristics in non-Newtonians liquids, no constitutive relation is present in literature. The investigators and scientists have recommended many models of non-Newtonian liquids due to nonlinearity between the shear rate and shear stress, such as Sisko’s model [1], Jeffery’s model [2], Oldroyd-B fluid model [3], Burgers elasto-viscous fluid model [4], Maxwell fluid model [5], differential third- and second-grade models [6, 7], and several others. Other than those, Walter’s Liquid Model-B is a non-Newtonian model commonly known as viscoelastic model suggested by Walter [8]. The complex flow behavior of many industrial liquids can accurately be simulated by this viscoelastic model. The elastic properties and extensional polymer’s behavior are also handled by Walter’s Liquid Model-B, even it generates extremely nonlinear equations. Walter’s Liquid Model-B problems using classical derivatives approach have been solved in numerous studies. However, Walter’s Liquid Model-B problem with combined analysis of heat and mass transfer using fractional derivatives approach has not been investigated.
Factional calculus is the subject of science of differentiation and it was originated in 1695, while L’Hospital questioned Leibniz what would be the explanation of This question led to a fruitful journey in the area of fractional calculus to study various fractional operators in which definitions of fractional operator along with significant properties have been studied by several mathematicians and scientists, for instance, Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative, Caputo fractional derivative, Caputo-Erdelyi-Kober fractional derivative, Caputo-Hadamard fractional derivative, and Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivatives [9–18]. Due to distinct kernel representations in distinct function spaces generate diversity of definitions for fractional derivatives. These types of derivatives reveal few complications in applications; for instance, the Laplace transform of Riemann-Liouville derivative consists of terms without physical signification and its constant is not zero. These difficulties were eradicated by Caputo fractional derivative but they involve singular kernel. In order to avoid singularities, Caputo and Fabrizio have presented new fractional derivative, namely, Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivatives based on exponential kernel [9, 11]. Based on the exponential kernel with no singularity, this article is proposed to analyze the viscoelastic Walter’s Liquid Model-B [19]. Atangana and Alqahtani [20] have analyzed the groundwater pollution by employing Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivatives with numerical approximation. Alkahtani and Atangana [21] investigated the effect of Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivatives on the surface of shallow water for controlling the wave movement. Hristov [22] has traced out the analytical solution for steady-state heat conduction using Caputo-Fabrizio space-fractional derivative with nonsingular fading memory. Atangana and Baleanu [23] presented a heat transfer model by implementing Caputo-Fabrizio space-fractional derivative. Nadeem et al. [24] observed the effects of two types of fractional derivatives, namely, Caputo-Fabrizio (CF) fractional operator and Atangana-Baleanu (AB) fractional operator for free convection flow of generalized Casson fluid. They suggested that the velocities obtained via Atangana-Baleanu (AB) fractional operator and Caputo-Fabrizio (CF) fractional operator are identical. Nadeem et al. [25] investigated MHD flow of a second-grade fluid via Caputo-Fabrizio derivatives of fractional order by invoking integral transform over an oscillating boundary. Kashif and Muhammad [26] observed heat transfer analysis for the flow of a second-grade fluid using Caputo-Fabrizio derivatives in which they presented analytic solutions using Mittag-Leffler function and Fox- function. Nadeem et al. [27] presented a comparative study for generalized Casson fluid by implementing Atangana-Baleanu (AB) fractional operator and Caputo-Fabrizio (CF) fractional operator. For the sake of simplicity, we include here few very recent attempts on Atangana-Baleanu (AB) fractional operator and Caputo-Fabrizio (CF) fractional operator as well [28–30]. In brevity, some recent studies regarding fractional derivatives can be found in [11, 31–34]. Our aim is to analyze MHD flow of fractionalized Walter’s Liquid Model-B with heat and mass transfer in porous medium analytically using newly defined approach of Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative. By employing dimensional analysis, the dimensional governing partial differential equations have been reduced in terms of dimensionless form. The analytical investigation is performed for the solutions of mass concentration, temperature distribution, and velocity profile in presence and absence of porous and magnetic field impacts. The general solutions are expressed in the format of generalized Mittag-Leffler function and Fox- function satisfying imposed conditions on the problem. These solutions have combined effects of heat and mass transfer; this is due to free convections differences between mass concentration and temperature distribution. Graphical illustration is depicted in order to bring out the effects of various physical parameters on flow.
2. Preliminaries
In this section, we present some essential information about the Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative that will be used in this paper. Firstly, we introduce the definition of the Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative of order .
Definition 1. The Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative of order is defined as in the following [9–11]: where the fractional operator is the so-called Caputo-Fabrizio fractional operator. It is well-known that the Laplace transform of the Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative is given byOn the other hand, it essential to note that Caputo-Fabrizio fractional operator can be extended significantly by letting in (2); we arrive at
3. Governing Equations
The constitutive equations govern the flow of Walters’-B fluid are where , , , , , , , are Cauchy stress tensor, cross viscosity and viscosity of the fluid, kinematic tensors, coefficient of viscosity, identity tensor, and scalar part of the pressure, respectively. In addition, is defined as follows:where is the material time derivative and is the velocity vector. According to the condition of Walters’-B fluid as , , is taken same for generalized Walters’-B fluid and takes place aswhere the fractional operator is the so-called Caputo-Fabrizio fractional operator of order as previously published papers in open literature [9, 11] defined asFor the problem with above assumption, the velocity field for oscillating flow is assumed as follows:
In (8), is the velocity field in the direction and (4a) and (4b) are identically fulfilled due to constrain of the incompressibility and balance of the linear momentum, respectively, while without external pressure gradient in flow produces the partial differential equations for the Walters’-B fluid as follows [19]:
4. Mathematical Model of Fractional Walter’s-B Liquid
Assume an unsteady electrically conducting incompressible free convection porous flow of a Walters’-B fluid over an oscillating plate. As described in the geometry Figure 1, the -axis is normal to the plate and the -axis is taken parallel to the plate. In the start, the plate and fluid both are at rest at uniform concentration and temperature . At the time , concentration and temperature rise up to and , respectively. For such fluid motion, the governing partial differential equations for velocity profile, mass concentration, and temperature distribution are as follows:corresponding to initial and boundary conditions asHere, , , , , , , , , , , , , are the Walters’-B viscoelasticity parameter, fluid density, velocity of fluid, the kinematic viscosity, the volumetric mass coefficient of expansion, the volumetric thermal coefficient of expansion, porosity, the gravitational acceleration, the thermal conductivity of the fluid, the mass diffusivity, the specific heat of the fluid at constant pressure, the species concentration, and the fluid temperature, respectively.
Meanwhile, we introduce the nondimensional parameters in (10)-(11) in the following manners:
Omitting symbol for simplicity, we arrive at governing equations and imposed conditions as follows:with initial and boundary conditions:Here, Reynold number is , Schmidt number is , Prandtl number is , thermal Grashof number is , Mass Grashof number is , effective Schmidt number is , effective Prandtl number is , porosity is , and
5. Solution of Problem
5.1. Analytic Solution of Temperature and Concentration Distribution
Employing Laplace transform on (14) and (15) along with initial and boundary conditions (16) and by substituting , we find thatExpanding (17) in terms of series form, we arrive at Apply inverse Laplace transform on (18) and express mass concentration and temperature distribution in terms of generalized Mittag-Leffler function as Here, the property of Mittag-Leffler function is defined as follows [33]:
5.2. Analytic Solution of Velocity Field
Employing Laplace transform on (14) along with initial and boundary conditions (16) and by substituting , we find thatand, by simplifying (22) and using imposed conditions, we getExpressing (23) in more suitable form, we obtainApplying inverse Laplace transform on (25) and expressing velocity field in terms of generalized special functions and Fox- function, we arrive atwhere and the property of Fox- function is as follows [33, 35]:
Equations (19), (20), and (27) are the general solutions of mass concentration, temperature distribution, and velocity profile, respectively. From our general solutions, various solutions have recovered. When , the solutions are termed in the absence of porous effects, such solutions are obtained by Farhad et al. [16, see equation ]. Furthermore, setting and the solutions are explored in the absence of magnetic field and mass transfer; such solutions are quite identical obtained by Khan et al. [36]. Newtonian behavior of the solutions can also be achieved by employing It is worth pointing out that our analytical solutions are approached in terms of newly defined Caputo-Fabrizio fractionalized solutions and can be converted for ordinary differential operator by setting .
6. Numerical Results and Discussion
The purpose of present analysis is to highlight the effects of fractionalized Walter’s Liquid Model-B with heat and mass transfer in a porous medium analytically using newly defined approach of Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative. The analytical investigation is performed for the solutions of mass concentration, temperature distribution, and velocity profile in the presence and absence of porous medium and magnetic field effects. The general solutions are expressed in the form of generalized Mittag-Leffler function and Fox- function satisfying imposed conditions on the problem. Figure 1 shows the physical model of the problem. The graphical illustration is depicted in order to bring out the effects of various physical parameters on flow as enumerated below in Figures 2–9.(i)Figure 2 shows the effects of Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative for three different values on the profiles of the mass concentration. It is found that increasing Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative parameter increases the concentration profile.(ii)Influence of the Schmidt number on the mass concentration is observed in Figure 3. It is noted that the increase in Schmidt number causes decrease in mass concentration.(iii)Figure 4 emphasizes the effect of Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative for three different values on the profiles of the temperature distribution. It is noted that increase in Caputo-Fabrizio fractional parameter increases the temperature distribution.(iv)Figure 5 depicts the effect of Prandtl number for three different values on the profiles of the temperature distribution. Increasing Prandtl number causes decrease in the temperature distribution which is due to the fact that an increase in the Prandtl number generates slow rate of thermal diffusion over the whole domain of boundary.(v)Figure 6 is portrayed to display the impacts of Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative on velocity. It is found that velocity decreases with increasing values of fractional parameter.(vi)The influence of Reynold number is depicted in Figure 7. It is noted that increasing values of Reynold numbers causes the velocity to decrease.(vii)The influences of magnetic and porous parameters are demonstrated in Figures 8 and 9, respectively. As expected, flow of magnetohydrodynamic and porous flows have opposite effects on fluid on the whole domain of plate. It is also noted that both pertinent parameters have quite similar effects on fluid flow reciprocally.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Authors’ Contributions
All authors contributed equally to the writing of this paper. All authors read and approved the final paper.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge and express their gratitude to the United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE, for providing the financial support with Grant no. 31S240-UPAR (2) 2016.